reported observations upon the changes produced in these glands after splenectomy. The sheep and the goat were used for the experiments. It was found that after splenectomy the hemolymph glands showed increased hemolysis and undoubtedly compensated for the hemolytic function of the spleen. A new formation of hemolymph glands in adipose tissue was also noted, and a change of hemolymph nodes into ordinary lymphatic glands through the obliteration of the blood-sinuses by lymphoid hyperplasia. All lymphoid tissues showed marked hyperplasia. No evidences of red blood cell formation in these glands were seen. The important conclusions drawn from this work are: The function of the hemolymph nodes is chiefly one of hemolysis; and under certain circumstances they can compensate for the spleen. The nodules formed after splenectomy, which have been regarded by Tizzoni and others as newly-formed splenic tissue, are shown to be hemolymph nodes. Tizzoni's work is thus confirmed, but given a different interpretation. Our knowledge of the relations of adipose and lymphoid tissue is also extended and Bayer's work on the regeneration of lymph glands confirmed.

Weidenreich (Verhandlungen der anatomischen Gesellschaft, April, 1902) made a second contribution to the subject in defense of their position as organs sui generis, basing his claims on the fact that the structure of these nodes is similar to that of the spleen, that serial sections show direct passage of blood-vessels into the blood-sinuses, absence of different lymphatics; and further, by the fact that the bloodcontaining sinuses may be injected directly from the blood-vessels, and that in the injecting of a hemolymph node, the injected material does not pass into the neighboring lymphatic glands. He concludes that hemolymph nodes are organs sui generis, and not lymphatic glands with blood in the lymph-sinuses.

Hatai (Anatomischer Anzeiger, 1902) noted the presence in human embryos of previously undescribed glands lying along the neck and partly occupying the scapular region. These glands consisted of two distinct structures, one resembling fat-tissue, the other presenting the appearance of a hemolymph gland. From its position Hatai is inclined. to regard this organ as corresponding to the "hibernating gland" of the rat and rabbit.

Warthin (American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1902) reported the results of a pathologic study of eight autopsy cases of pernicious anemia. In all of these cases it was found that the hemolymph nodes were more prominent than normally; and presented evidences of a marked hemolysis. In some cases an apparent hyperplasia or new formation of hemolymph nodes was found. As a result of this study it was concluded that pernicious anemia is essentially a hemolytic disease, the hemolysis being due to some poison as yet unknown— whether autointoxication or infection remains yet to be determined. This poison stimulates the phagocytes of the spleen, lymph and hemolymph glands to increased hemolysis, or the red cells are so changed by the poison that they themselves stimulate the phagocytes. The hemo

lysis of pernicious anemia differs only in degree, not in kind, from nornial hemolysis or the pathologic increase occurring in sepsis, typhoid, et cetera. The changes found in the hemolymph glands cannot be regarded as specific of pernicious anemia, since it is probable that they may be produced by other infections, or toxic processes characterized by great hemolysis. The changes in the bone-marrow are to be regarded as of a compensatory nature-an increased activity of red cell formation to supply the deficiency caused by the excessive hemolysis.

Dercum and McCarthy (American Journal of the Medical Sciences, December, 1902) report a case of adiposis dolorosa with autopsy, in which very remarkable findings occurred in the subcutaneous fat. Small ovoid bodies were found in this location. On microscopic examination they possessed a definite capsule of connective tissue from which trabeculæ of connective tissue spread in different directions throughout the body. Within this trabecular network a rich plexus of capillaries was found. Between the capillaries the fine meshwork of fibres contained large numbers of lymphoid cells with here and there groups of red blood cells. Free blood pigment giving the iron reaction was found in small quantities in the trabecular network. From their structure these peculiar bodies were regarded as newly-formed hemolymph tissue. The significance of this finding-for the first time observed-was thought to be probably that of a profound disturbance of nutrition, due possibly to disease of the thyroid and pituitary glands. The newlyformed hemolymph nodes are probably to be regarded as compensatory in nature. The spleen in this case showed a connective tissue hyperplasia, and an angiomatous condition of the vessels.

EDITORIAL COMMENT.

A QUARTER CENTURY GREETING.

THE attractive new costume in which The Physician and Surgeon greets the medical fraternity on the advent of the twenty-fifth year of its existence not only affords extreme gratification to the mariner who has watched at the helm since the inception of the bark, but likewise bears substantial testimony to constituents that the journal is enjoying prosperity. A quarter century salutation has not been the privilege of many American medical periodicals. A goodly number encounter the rocks and shoals along the coast soon after being launched and never reach the high sea where sailing is smooth. Fortune and fair winds. have favored this journal, however, and present indications bespeak for the twenty-fifth volume the most fruitful voyage in its career.

The department of original articles will contain many valuable papers during this year. Besides the usual quota of exceptionally good ones that are published from time to time, a number of special articles

on important subjects have been engaged from prominent workers in special lines. The second of these contributions, "The Etiology of Cancer with Special Reference to the Parasitic Theory," a complete résumé of the subject, from the pen of Doctor Frederick A. Baldwin, of the Pathologic Laboratory of the University of Michigan, will appear in the next number.

The department of original abstracts has been augmented by the addition of three specialties. The current views bearing on the therapeutics of "Psychiatry" will be presented by an alienist; a record of the latest advance in the field of "Dermatology" will be furnished by a skin clinician; and the medical and surgical aspects of "Laryngology" will receive the attention of a nose and throat specialist. The abstracts in this journal are especially valuable by reason of the fact that clinicians. in the various departments prepare them direct from original papers, thus insuring embodiment of the ideas of the author in the epitome, which is not likely to be the case when hack writers do the abstracting.

The complexion of the editorial staff has been somewhat changed. Doctor Frank B. Walker, after an agreeable connection as associate editor for five years, retires. The new acquisitions comprise Doctors David Inglis and Willis S. Anderson, of the faculty of the Detroit College of Medicine; Doctor William M. Edwards, Medical Superintendent of the Kalamazoo Asylum for the Insane; and Doctor William F. Breakey, of the medical faculty of the University of Michigan. These physicians are well known to the profession and require no eulogistic introduction.

The policy heretofore governing the conduct of the journal will be maintained. Since its establishment it has been beyond subservience to clique, institutional, or trade influence. It is gratifying to know that the better element of the profession has indorsed this platform, communications from all quarters attesting the high regard entertained. for the journal. The constant aim of the management will be to conduct an independent journal in accordance with the professional dictum of ethical ideals.

"THOU SHALT NOT STEAL.”

LITERARY pirates are hereby notified that The Physician and Surgeon is copyrighted. This fact has been recorded on the cover for several years, but notwithstanding the information certain enterprising contemporaries have revealed a predatory spirit by appropriating material without according the journa! the traditional courtesy of acknowledgment. The pilfering has been noticeable for a number of years, and recourse to the copyright law has not substantially affected the nefarious. practice.

Some time ago a Detroit physician contributed a paper to this publication and soon afterward the entire text was found reproduced in the original department of a Canadian exchange, this journal not being recognized in the transition. A subsequent perusal of current

medical literature disclosed the article in an American monthly, where credit was accorded to our Canadian contemporary. A Saint Louis editor is guilty of stealing a contribution which was prepared for this magazine by an Ann Arbor physician. It was published in the original division of the western periodical without a semblance of credit, and although a footnote pronounced the body an abstract, comparison with the original text showed that the entire paper had been purloined. Awhile ago a memoir written by another Detroit physician was furnished to this journal, and in the course of time was reproduced in a Detroit medical publication, credit not figuring in the account. An Oklahoma journal lately appropriated a paper which was written for this journal by an Ann Arbor physician, credit in this instance probably having been overlooked during the hurried shuffle. Another gigantic steal was that perpetrated by a writer on a prominent Michigan daily newspaper, who filched our Beaumont memorial papers and dispensed the pillage as original material, notwithstanding the fact that the article was taken almost verbatim from the pages of this journal.

A copyright protects against the infringement of reproducing matter without the consent of the person to whom the copyright is granted, even though credit be given, but there is no objection to allowing any reputable medical journalist to abstract, extract, or publish in its entirety any article that may appear in this magazine, providing always that due acknowledgment be made. Observance of this requirement is imper

ative.

CONTEMPORARY.

RELATION OF THE PHYSICIAN TO THE COMMUNITY.

[THE BOSTON MEDICAL AND SURGICAL JOURNAL.]

WE have already called attention to the fact that the students of the Harvard Medical School have, on their own initiative, arranged for a series of evening lectures to be given by prominent men, not necessarily physicians, on the general topic of the relation of the physician to the community. This action is noteworthy from several points of view. It shows, in the first place, a growing interest among students of medicine in the broader aspects of their professional work and in the responsibilities which it is sure to entail. Such a movement on the part of medical students, popularly supposed already to be overburdened with lectures, could hardly have occurred ten years ago. To those who have watched the development of the last few years, however, it comes as no great surprise. The students are certainly becoming more and more independent in thought, and are standing more in judgment upon the work which they are called upon to do and upon the teachers who direct it. The results have been in every way salutary both as regards teachers and students.

The desire of a large body of students to provide certain lectures for themselves furthermore points toward a definite need, which they

are feeling is not supplied them in the regular course. They want, broadly speaking, to learn from men of experience of their future social and ethical relations to the communities in which they may happen to be placed. This is evidence that they receive no such instruction in their ordinary undergraduate work, which, we believe, is the fact. This leads us to speak of a distinct lack in medical education, and that is, the direction of students in their relation to patients and others whom they must later come in contact with in their professional work. No attempt is made to teach the ethics of medicine except by precept and example, a good but not a sufficient method. Students of medicine certainly need instruction on this subject, a fact which the Harvard students have appreciated and have taken measures to accomplish by the establishment of these evening lectureships.

MEDICAL NEWS.

A MEDICAL BENEFACTOR.

MAJOR WALTER REED, A.M., M.D., LL.D., whose death occurred recently at Washington, was born in Gloucester county, Virginia, September 13, 1851. In early youth he conceived the idea of studying medicine, and when still a mere boy was admitted to the medical department of the University of Virginia, from which institution he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the age of eighteen, being one of the youngest medical graduates in the United States. Shortly afterward he entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, receiving a second diploma from this school in 1872. In 1875 he was appointed assistant surgeon in the United States Army with the rank of first lieutenant, and five years later he was elevated to the captaincy. In 1890 the doctor was assigned to duty in Baltimore, in which city he entered Johns Hopkins University, and continued his work in pathology and bacteriology, paying especiall attention to the study of typhoid fever. In 1892 Doctor Reed was ordered to duty at Saint Paul, but after a short stay there he was called to Washington to fill the position of bacteriologist to the Surgeon-General, and of Curator of the Army Medical Museum. During the Spanish-American war he was appointed, with other medical officers, to investigate the prevalence of typhoid fever in the army camps, and after due consideration he devised the plan of gathering excreta in galvanized iron tanks, which scheme had the effect of checking the spread of the disease. This method was afterward employed at the United States General Hospital at Presidio, California, and resulted in the cessation of typhoid fever at that place. Doctor Reed achieved much fame as a pathologist and bacteriologist, but the greatest achievement of his life was the discovery that yellow fever is caused by mosquitoes, the particular species being the culex fasciatus of the genus stegomyia.