the Chinese, and to give all his strength to ruling the Philippines well.

Disappointed in this plan, De Sande thought of another field of glory. He learned that the King of Borneo had robbed and kept as slaves Filipino merchants who had come to this country. He also heard that the Borneans were sending Mahometan missionaries to Cebú, Mindoro, and elsewhere in the Philippines. The year before they had prepared a large fleet to attack the Philippines. De Sande therefore wrote a letter to the King of Borneo, demanding that he release all Filipino captives, and restore all the things he had taken from them. He said the king must not send any more Mahometan missionaries to the Philippines, but must allow Catholic missionaries to come to Borneo.

Conquest of Brunei.-In 1578 De Sande went with a fleet of forty ships, several hundred Spaniards, and about fifteen hundred Filipino soldiers and sailors to the city of Brunei, capital of Borneo. After a short battle, De Sande captured the city. He did this at the request of the sultan, Sirela, whose brother had driven him from the throne He took twenty-seven ships and one hundred and seventy cannon. Then his men fell ill and he was obliged to return to Manila.

During this expedition he sent some of his ships to Joló and the Rio Grande de Mindanao. They collected some tribute, but most of the natives fled to

the mountains. The next year the collector found them so poor that he returned the tribute.

Dreams of Conquest.-De Sande was very proud of his conquest in Borneo. He had really done very little for the Philippines. It was a great task for the Filipinos to build him a fleet, and go so far away to fight people they had never seen. Then, after all the expense of conquest, Borneo was not kept. Most of the early governors thought of little but fleets and armies with which they hoped to conquer new countries. They thought the business of the government was to raise money by taxes for the king and themselves. They did not understand that they could do this best by teaching the people agriculture and other useful things. The victories of peace are greater than those of war, but war seemed to them more glorious.

Better Days. With all its faults the Government of Spain in those days was much better than the condition of things before the conquest. Then every man was afraid of his neighbor; a man's own brother was his slave. Men feared the evil anitos of the earth, the sea, and the air. Life was hard and very uncertain. After the Spaniards came, life was still hard, but it was much safer. Trade was better; people were growing richer in spite of the taxes; the population was increasing faster, and the Filipinos were becoming more united.

Ronquillo de Peñalosa, Governor-1580-1583.Ronquillo brought six hundred soldiers to the Phil

ippines at his own expense. In return for this he was to receive the governorship of the Islands for life. The king gave Ronquillo this honor because Spain had received very little return for the treasure spent in conquering the Islands.

One of Ronquillo's first acts was to examine what Governor De Sande had done. He took away all royal office from De Sande by what was called the "residencia."

The "Residencia."-The Governor of the Philippines in the old days was very powerful. It was so far to Mexico and Spain that he was allowed to do what he thought best, like a king. No one might disobey him while he held office. At the close of his rule, however, he must stay in the Islands till the governor who followed him had examined all he had done. This examination was called the "residencia." At this time all the governor's accounts were searched to see if he had spent the public money honestly. Any one who thought the old governor had treated him unjustly might come before the new governor and make a complaint. If it was found that the old governor had not ruled justly, he was punished. Sometimes they took away all the property of a governor and put him in prison.

Union of Portugal with Spain. In 1580 Philip II. conquered Portugal. With this conquest all the Portuguese colonies in the East Indies came under the rule of the Governor of the Philippines. This union of the two kingdoms lasted till 1640. During

this period the Government of the Philippines stretched from India to Japan. It was a great task for the Filipinos to find the ships and men to rule so many different and widely separated lands.

From

this time the governors began to try to make the name of Spain respected in the islands south of the Philippines.

Expeditions to Borneo and Ternate.-In 1582 Philip II. ordered the conquest of the Moluccas. They had been given to him with Portugal, but actually were in the power of the native Malayan tribes.

Ronquillo sent an expedition to Borneo in 1581, when he replaced the sultan Sirela on his throne.

A second expedition under his son, Sebastian Ronquillo, besieged Ternate, but could not capture it because disease broke out. This little island was taken in later years by the Dutch. Its people remained faithful to Spain. A few emigrated to Cavite, and made their home in Ternate. descendants still live in this town.

Their

Japanese Pirates. The northern coast of Luzon was often attacked by Chinese and Japanese pirates. They would land, burn and rob a town, and then sail away. During Ronquillo's rule a strong force of Japanese pirates captured and held the village at the mouth of the Cagayan River. They were under a leader called Tayfusa, who severely oppressed the natives. Ronquillo sent a force which, after heroic fighting, drove them away. He deposed the native rulers who were holding the people in slavery.

Near the mouth of the Cagayan he founded the city of Nueva Segovia, now called Lal-loc. In Ronquillo's time, Iloilo, now the second city in the Philippines in importance, was founded.

Sorrow and sickness ended Ronquillo's life in 1583. Neither he nor De Sande had won the glory they sought.

The Filipinos' Part in Spanish Conquests. In all those expeditions the Filipinos toiled to add glory to the flag of Spain. They built the ships, rowed or sailed them, did all the hard work, and often shared