free, equal, and just government by all the people. Those who took refuge from the Spaniards in the mountains had no hesitation in robbing and killing their fellow countrymen as in the days before the conquest.

QUESTIONS AND TOPICS.

1. Why did the Dutch try to conquer the Moluccas? 2. For what is Antonio de Morga most famous ? 3. What was Rizal's opinion of the state of the Filipinos at the time of the conquest?

4. What was done to the Dutch captured in 1600? 5. What was the difference between the aims of the Dutch and the Spanish?

6. How do the Dutch treat their Malayan subjects?

7. What were the results of Acuña's expedition?

8. Why did the Spanish spare the lives of the captives from Wittert's fleet?

9. What was the object of Silva's great expedition? 10. Why did it fail?

II. What part did the Filipinos take in Silva's expedition?

12. Why did the Spaniards defeat the Dutch so often? 13. Why is a massacre dishonorable?

14. Why were the Filipinos of the days of Silva loyal to Spain?

15. What was the motive of the early revolts?

CHAPTER XIII.

THE CHINESE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY.

Arrival of the Chinese.-Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the people of China traded with the Filipinos. Only a few Chinese made their homes in the Philippines in those early days. The country was not safe for strangers. When Legazpi came to Manila, there were about one hundred and fifty Chinese living in the town. The Spaniards in those days encouraged the Chinese to come to Manila and settle. They wanted them to build houses, row in the boats, and make and sell the things which the Filipinos did not use. Morga said: "It is true the town can not exist without the Chinese, as they are workers in all trades and occupations, very industrious, and work for small pay."

In the time of Lavezaris a danger threatened Manila that alarmed the Spaniards. A Chinese boat from Manila fell into the power of a noted Chinese corsair. This was Limahong. He decided to attack Manila when he learned of its wealth and defenselessness.

Limahong.-Limahong had defeated the fleets of the Chinese emperor, and burned cities on the coast

of China. Thousands of soldiers and many ships were his. At length he was driven away by the rulers of China. With a fleet of sixty ships and three thousand soldiers and sailors, besides workmen and women, he sailed to the Philippines to found a kingdom.

Near the coast of Ilocos he captured a boat, and killed its crew of Spaniards and Filipinos. An officer of Salcedo's saw the fight from the shore. He hastened to Vigan and told Salcedo. The young captain sent three natives in a boat to tell the people of Manila of the coming of the pirate. This party was nearly captured by Limahong. It reached Manila too late to warn the Spaniards. Salcedo with fifty men set out for Manila in boats as soon as Limahong sailed south.

The First Attack. The pirate ships reached Mariveles November 29, 1574. The same night Limahong sent his Japanese captain, Sioco, with about seven hundred men to take Manila. They landed near Parañaque, and marched toward the city about ten o'clock the next morning. No one expected them, or knew who they were. The field marshal, De Goiti, was ill in bed. Some natives ran to his house and told him that the King of Borneo was coming to attack Manila. De Goiti did not believe this. His wife looked from the window and saw the Chinese coming along the beach. She was a brave woman and called out to them in Spanish that they were dogs and would all be killed. This

saved Manila, because the Chinese now stopped to attack De Goiti's house. The old marshal fought till he was wounded, and most of his followers were killed. Then he leaped from the window because his house was in flames. The Chinese killed him, and robbed and wounded his wife. This delay gave the unprepared Spanish soldiers time to get ready for the attack on the fort.

The Chinese Soldiers.De Sande describes the appearance of the Chinese soldiers thus:

"There were seven hundred men, among whom were a few arquebusiers and many pikemen, besides men armed with battle-axes. They were clad in corselets, which are coats lined with exceedingly thick cotton. They had durable bamboo hats, which served as helmets. They carried cutlasses and several daggers in their belts; and all were barefoot. One out of every ten men carried a banner fastened to his shoulders and reaching two palms above his head. There were other and larger banners also."

Repulse of the Chinese. Then the little force of forty Spanish soldiers came out of the wooden fort that stood near where Fort Santiago now stands. They killed eighty of the Chinese, losing fourteen of their own men. Sioco retreated to Cavite, where Limahong had now moved with his fleet. This was St. Andrew's day, November 30, 1574. Manila had no great stone wall then. The fort was small, without a moat, and surrounded by a palisade of stakes.

The city was filled with terror. Every one was obliged to work day and night on the fortifications.

These they made by constructing a breastwork of boards, boxes, and barrels filled with sand. This breastwork crossed behind the city from the Pasig to the Bay.

The Second Attack. The next day Limahong prepared for a second attack. He was too slow. On the evening of that day Juan de Salcedo sailed into Manila Bay, with six boats and fifty men, to the rescue of Manila. All were overjoyed to see him. At daybreak the next morning Limahong's fleet sailed from Cavite to Manila, and began to fire its cannon. Then the pirates landed near the city and attacked it in three columns, of about five hundred men each. Those on the seashore forced their way into the fort. About eighty of them were killed within its walls. Then the Chinese were driven to their ships. They had burned the Augustinian church and killed only half a dozen Spaniards.

Revolt of the Filipinos.-The Filipinos were glad to see the Chinese attack the Spaniards. They did not stop to think that the Chinese might prove to be worse masters than the Spaniards. On the day of the second attack they gathered in thousands before Manila in their bancas, ready to avenge themselves on the Spaniards if the Chinese should win. The Moros around Manila captured and robbed the friars who were outside of the city. They killed goats in the churches to show their contempt for the new religion. Several Spaniards and their slaves were slain. But when the Moros saw that the Spaniards