the power of the Moros to make their expeditions was crushed.

QUESTIONS AND TOPICS.

1. Where did the Moro pirates have their northern camps? 2. Describe an attack of the pirates.

3. What did the Moros do with their captives?

4. Why were the Spanish unsuccessful in destroying the pirates?

5. From whom have the Filipinos suffered most? 6. Describe the attack on the Visayas in 1599.

7. Why did not Acuña crush the pirates?

8. What superstition had the Moros about "Punta de Flechas"?

9. How did the Moros observe their treaties with the Spaniards?

10. When, why, and how were the villages concentrated? II. How were the Filipinos encouraged to attack the Moros?

12. What was the reason for the plan?

13. What use did the governors make of the boats and soldiers?

14. Describe the attacks of 1753.

15. Who built the coast-guard towers? 16. Why were the towers not successful?

17. What does the story of Ali-Mudin show?

18. Describe the worst year of piracy.

19. What would the Moros do if a strong government did

not control them?

20. What did the pirates do from 1778-1793?

21. What plan did Aguilar adopt against the pirates? 22. When and why was the American treaty with the Sul

tan of Joló ended?

CHAPTER XV.

FORCED LABOR AND INSURRECTION.

The Dark Century. On the stage of Philippine history there were many years of darkness and dulness in the seventeenth century. We shall raise the curtain only now and then to view the scenes that teach us most.

The Filipinos had suffered from the toil and losses of war for half a century. Much of their time had been spent in building fleets and fighting battles against the Moros, the Chinese, and the Dutch. These fleets were built by forced labor. The hardships of this labor brought on many revolts against Spanish rule.

The Labor Tax.-Besides the tribute, the Filipinos had to pay a labor tax. During most of the period of Spanish rule this forced labor was forty days each year for every man. This labor was used to build churches, convents, roads, bridges, and all kinds of public works. By this forced and unpaid service the timber was cut from which the galleons were built. There was a force of Filipinos employed in the shipyard at Cavite who received rice and about twenty pesos a year each for their skilled labor

as carpenters and smiths. But most of the heavy work was done by the peasants, who were taken from their fields to build ships and forts. The long succession of wars with the Moros, the Dutch, and the Chinese had nearly worn out the patience of the Filipinos. At length a governor came whose rule was not disturbed by foreign foes.

Alonso Fajardo. This was Alonso Fajardo, who governed the Philippines from 1618–1624. Fajardo saw that the people were overworked. He therefore lessened the labor tax. He said that for a while the natives need not work without pay, except at making cannon and ships. In this way he won the favor of the Filipinos. He was the first governor for a long time whom they had liked. Still the burden was heavy, and the reform came too late to prevent revolt.

Insurrection in Bohol and Leyte.-In 1621, while the Jesuit fathers of Bohol were in Cebú at a festival, the natives of Bohol revolted. This revolt was led by the chiefs. They told the common people that a diuata ordered the expulsion of the Spanish. The real reason for this revolt was the desire to escape taxes and labor. Often the leaders of the Filipinos have taken advantage of the ignorance of the people to get them to rebel for religious reasons, when the chiefs themselves had some other

reason.

Im

Four towns were burned by the revolters. ages of the Virgin were pierced with lances. Nearly

all the natives joined the revolt, and fled to the mountains. Fifty Spanish lancers and one thousand Cebuans followed them into the mountains for five days. Then they came to a village of one thousand houses which the rebels had built. Here fifteen hundred rebels were defeated, but it was six months before they were all driven from their mountain refuges.

Bancao. Now the insurrection spread to Leyte, led by the aged chief Bancao, of Limasaua. Philip II. had given a letter to this old chief thanking him for the services he had done for Legazpi. But Bancao longed for his old power, and joined the rebellion. He was beheaded. The revolt was soon suppressed.

Death of Fajardo. The last days of Fajardo's life were filled with sorrow. Finding his wife unfaithful, he killed her in public with his sword. The power of a governor of the Philippines in those days may be seen from the fact that no one tried to punish him for this deed. A few months later he died broken hearted, and was buried beside his wife in the Church of the Recollects.

Tabora, Governor 1626-1632. Juan Niño de Tabora came to the Philippines from the wars in Flanders. He brought six hundred soldiers with him. This large force kept the country peaceful for a time. The Philippines were now prosperous. The former age, with its little bamboo villages and its neighborhood wars, was fast passing away. The

Islands and their people were now a part of the great world, sending their products across the seas. Shells and gold-dust were no longer their money. There were rich men among the Filipinos. Fortunes were being made in the trade with China and Mexico.

Many public works were undertaken by Tabora. Within six months he built ten large ships and several small ones. It was Tabora who built the "Bridge of Spain" in 1631, called at first the Puente Grande." This bridge lasted for nearly two centuries, till it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1824.

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