Diego Fajardo. This governor (1644-1653) was a stern and warlike man. He tried to establish a shipyard in the Visayas like those in Tondo and Pampanga. This caused an insurrection in Sámar. Sumoroy, the leader, was beheaded. There were other revolts caused by the oppressions of the tribute and forced labor during the following year. The principal ones were in Camarines, Pampanga, Ilocos and Mindanao. The Filipinos always showed themselves willing to endure a great deal from governors who tried to understand and benefit them. But their lives were so full of hardship that when harshly treated the fire of revolt burned.

Earthquake of 1645.-In the year 1645, on St. Andrew's day, November 30th, there was a terrible earthquake in Manila. cracks in the ground. out of its channel.

Fire, it is said, burst through

The Pasig River was thrown Nearly all the churches, con

vents, and other large buildings of Manila fell in ruins. Six hundred persons were killed. For weeks people lived outside the walls, hardly daring to step inside. It was believed that St. Francis. saved the city from complete destruction. Therefore he was chosen the patron saint of Manila to protect it against earthquakes. Many people considered the earthquake a punishment for their sins, and now began to be more religious.

The

After this earthquake they built no more great houses of stone in Manila for many years. large and beautiful houses which stood before the

earthquake had gained for Manila the name "Pearl of the Orient."

Insurrection of 1660. Manrique de Lara was now governor. During his rule many calamities had come upon the Philippines. Locusts, famine, smallpox, pirate attacks, shipwrecks, and earthquakes had made the lot of the Filipinos a hard

one.

In addition to all these troubles the natives were worked like slaves at ship-building. In 1660 one thousand Filipinos were cutting timber for the government in the forests of Pampanga. Sometimes they were whipped to make them work harder. These woodmen now rebelled. A Mexican, Mañ ago, was their leader. They wrote to their fellow. countrymen in Pangasinan, Ilocos, and Cagayan to get their aid. But before it could come they were betrayed by their leader. They went with arms to the pueblo of Lubao. Manrique de Lara hurried to Macabebe with a few soldiers. Instead of fighting, he won over Mañago by making him commander of the Mexicans in Manila. Then he built forts in Arayat and Lubao. He promised better treatment to the rebels. Deprived of their leader they went back to work, without bloodshed.

Revolt in Ilocos.-In Ilocos the revolt had more strength. Juan Manzano was the leader. A fierce battle occurred at Bantay, near Vigan. Eight hundred loyal natives were slain. But the rebels were soon put to flight. They were driven to Ilocos

Norte. From here they crossed the mountains to Cagayan. The Governor of Cagayan, with three hundred royal troops, drove the rebels back to Ilocos. Then he marched through Ilocos to Pangasinan. Here he joined the Spanish forces, and greatly assisted them in putting down the rebellion. As had often happened before, the weakness of the Filipinos was the lack of union between the different tribes. The Spaniards held these Islands largely by setting one tribe against another.

QUESTIONS AND TOPICS.

1. Which was the dark century?

2. What hardships had the Filipinos suffered in the first
half century of Spanish rule?

3. What was the purpose of the labor tax?
4. Can think of
you

any

5. What were its evils?

benefits from such a tax?

6. What change did Alonso Fajardo make in the labor

tax?

7. Under what circumstances did the revolt in Bohol

begin?

8. What does this revolt show about the motives of the

10. Tell an incident showing the power of the early gov

ernors.

II. Describe the changes that had now taken place in the

Philippines.

12. What public works did Tabora undertake?

13. What brought on the insurrection in Sámar?

14. Where else were there revolts at this time?

15. What caused the Pampangan revolt of 1660? 16. Why did it fail?

17. Who aided in the suppression of the Ilocos revolt?

18. How did the Spaniards hold the Philippines with so few Spanish troops?

CHAPTER XVI.

THE STRIFE BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE.

Introductory.-We have seen earlier in this book that the governors and the friars did not always agree. Although the governors were Catholics, they usually supported the king, while the friars, though Spaniards, looked rather to the Pope.

Besides this,

for the good

on the whole, the governors cared less of the Filipinos than did the friars. Few Filipinos understand what their lot would have been if the friars had not been there to protect the natives from the selfishness of the governors and the encomenderos.

The fifty years following the insurrection of 1660 are filled with this strife. It lasted to the very close of Spanish rule. But we shall not study all of these struggles. There is no longer any quarrelling between church and state in the Philippines. The bitterness of recent years should be forgotten. Yet it is impossible to understand the history of the Philippines without some knowledge of those events. The things we shall study in this chapter happened