are forest-covered, the home of wild tribes speaking many tongues and worshiping the ancient Filipino gods. The coasts and larger valleys are fertile and cultivated. Most of the Filipinos live on these lands and are civilized. The islands with the best harbors and nearest the routes of commerce are most populous and prosperous.

Four hundred years ago there were no great cities, no railroads, not even wagon roads. Great forests grew where the richest farms now are. Pirate traders sailed the seas where great steamers now ply. Thousands of wild buffaloes, deer, and other animals roamed the woods and mountains. No one in Europe had then heard of the Philippines. All the people in the Islands were fewer than those that now live in the one island of Cebú. We shall now see what the races were that lived in these fertile and beautiful Islands.

QUESTIONS AND TOPICS.

1. What decides the location of cities?

2. Can you tell why your town has its present location? 3. How may a high mountain range affect language? 4. Why were the Philippines the last settled of the Malay Archipelago?

5. How do we know that the Philippines were once under the ocean?

6. What great trade routes pass through the Philippines? 7. Why is the northeast coast of Luzon thinly populated? 8. Why must they import much rice into the Cagayan

Valley?

9. Describe the appearance of the Cagayan Valley before the arrival of the Spaniards.

10. Why do the people of the mountains of northern Luzon live just as in ancient times?

11. What change has the climate of the mountains made in the Filipinos who live there?

12. Name three changes in the northwest coast of Luzon since the coming of the Spaniards.

13. Why is the plain of central Luzon so thickly populated?

14. Why did the people of central Luzon not become

Moros?

15. Why are many boats built in the Bicol Peninsula? 16. Which separates two peoples more-lofty mountains or the sea?

17. Why is Sámar so uncivilized?

18. Tell two things that made Cebú easy to conquer? 19. Why did Legazpi move to Panay?

20. Find five reasons for the greatness of Iloilo.

21. Name four reasons for the slow progress of Mindoro. 22. Give five causes for the small population of Mindanao. 23. What were the occupations of the Sulus in the past? 24. Explain why all the people of the Sulu Archipelago are Moros.

25. In what do the Moros excel?

CHAPTER II.

THE FILIPINO RACES.

Resources of the Philippines.-Nature has made it easy to live in the Philippine Islands. There is plenty of rich land for all who are willing to cultivate it. There is no month when some fruit does not ripen. There is no season when one may not sow or reap some crop. Thousands of horses and

cattle could feed on rich pastures that now lie unused. The seas and rivers of the Philippines are full of fish. There are few lands where food is more easily obtained.

Yet after all the centuries that have passed since men first lived in these Islands, their people are few and poor. Most of their rich soil the plow has never turned. The wealth of their forests and mines waits for a hand to gather it. In other lands, whose soil is stiff with frost half the year, the barns are filled with the harvest. In countries where men must hew their houses from the rocks and dig their fuel from the earth, men have built fair cities. In the Philippines the towns are groups of frail huts, the prey of fire and storm.

The Study of History. The study of history explains why the lands of the Filipinos lie uncultivated.

It tells why the people struggle with poverty. It points out the mistakes of the past and shows the path to follow in the future. Since 1898 there have been many changes in the Philippines. Government, church, education, commerce, and many other things are different from the days of our fathers. History helps us to understand why these changes were made. We can compare the past with the present and see which is the better. The history of the Philippines begins with the study of the first men who made this land their home.

The First Inhabitants.-The first people who lived in these Islands were the Negritos. These are the little black savages who now dwell in the mountains. Most of them are less than five feet tall. They have woolly hair, thick lips, and broad noses. Clad in little or no clothing, they wander from place to place. A mat of grass thrown over a few poles makes them a house. They hunt deer and wild pigs, catch birds and fish, and raise mountain rice.

Most of the Negritos live in the mountains of Luzon, Negros, Panay, and Mindanao. They do not love towns, churches, or any of the ways of Christian Filipinos. Once an archbishop of Manila reared a Negrito boy, and taught him to read. He was nearly ready to become a priest. One day he could not be found. He had fled to the rocks and woods of his babyhood to live with the birds and the beasts.

No one knows when or how the Negritos came

here. The traditions of the Filipinos say that when the lowland tribes arrived the Negritos were the only dwellers in the Islands. At that time they lived on

the plains. Because these Negritos refused to become friends of the new arrivals, they were driven to the mountains. When the wilderness is cleared away and the game gone from the forests, the Negritos will become civilized or perish. Every race which lives beside a wiser and stronger race must learn to live wisely and well, or else it dies.