6. What does their idea of heaven show about their idea

of happiness?

7. How were priests appointed?

8. Was the ancient religion a source of joy and peace? 9. Why did they give up the old religions so quickly? 10. Do many Filipinos still believe in anitos?

11. Have you ever seen a religious feast of a wild tribe?

CHAPTER V.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES

BY EUROPEANS.

European Trade with the East.-Before the year 1500 the people of Europe brought goods from the East across Asia by caravans. The silks, spices, gems, and other luxuries of India and China were carried on the backs of camels to the Black and the Mediterranean seas. There they were put in ships and sent to Venice and Genoa. This was a long, dangerous, and expensive route. In 1453 the Turks captured Constantinople. They were the enemies of the Christians of Europe, and they would no longer allow this traffic between the east and the west. So it was now necessary to find another route to the The search for this route led to the discovery of the Philippines.

east.

A Sea-route from Europe to India. The Portuguese were the best sailors in those days. Under the protection of the brave and wise "Prince Henry the Navigator," they made voyage after voyage down the west coast of Africa. At that time people thought that the ocean toward the south grew hotter and hotter till the water boiled. It was a great sur

prise to them to find that south of the equator the water began to grow cooler. Finally Vasco da Gama reached India by sea in 1498. Albuquerque conquered Malacca in 1511. He saw there two large boats from Luzon, but he did not know where that island was. The next year the Portuguese discovered the Moluccas, or Spice Islands. From these islands came the pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices so much liked in Europe.

ambitious sailor. Serrano, one of the captains who discovered the Spice Islands, wrote to his friend, Magellan, an account of them.

Magellan believed that he could find a western sea-route to these islands. The lands which Columbus had discovered a few years before were thought to be a part of Asia. Magellan thought that the newly discovered Spice Islands lay in the sea a short distance west of Mexico. He told his plan to the King of Portugal, but the king would not give him ships for his voyage.

The Demarcation Lines. After the discoveries of Columbus, the Spanish and the Portuguese quarreled about the possession of the new lands. So in 1493 Pope Alexander VI. drew a line through the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, one hundred leagues west of the Azores Islands. New lands west of this line were to belong to Spain; those to the east of it to Portugal. The next year the kings of Spain and Portugal moved this line to a point three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Spice Islands had been discovered by sailing east, but Magellan thought that they were nearer by a western route. If so, they would be on the western side of the demarcation line, and belong to Spain.

Magellan and Charles I.-Refused aid by his own king, Magellan went to Spain. He told King Charles I. that the rich islands which the Portuguese had discovered, lay within the part of the

world set aside for Spanish discovery. He offered to find a western route to these islands, and to conquer and settle them for Spain.

King Charles gave Magellan a fleet of five small ships for his voyage of discovery and conquest.

The largest of them was only one hundred and thirty-two tons in size. That is about half as large as one of the little coast-guard steamers. Several fleets like Magellan's could be put in one of the big steamships that come to Manila from America. The