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"Many who are already baptized are yet without instruction or ministers. Many others pacified, and yet to be baptized, are daily asking for baptism. There are an infinite number of others to be pacified who have no knowledge of God."

The Encomiendas in 1591.-By 1591 there were 267 encomiendas of Filipinos. Thirty-one of these were for the king. The others were to support

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officers and favorites of the king or the governor. The entire Cagayan Valley was divided among the soldiers who had conquered it.

The encomenderos made the cabezas de barangay collect the tribute for them when possible. In return for this service the cabezas and their families were free from the tribute.

The Pope Forbids Slavery.-Many of the encomenderos had slaves. Early in the conquest when the Spaniards were in Cebú they used as slaves Negritos who had been captured in battle. Shortly after Legazpi took Manila, Martin de Goiti captured several hundred natives in Butas, near Manila. These captives were made slaves of the Spanish soldiers. The Spaniards bought slaves whom the Portuguese brought from India., They also allowed the Filipinos to keep their old slaves, but not to take

new ones.

When the Pope heard of these things, he forbade the Spaniards in the Philippines to have Filipinos as slaves. They were still allowed to have Negro and Kaffir slaves. The Kaffirs came from India. It was Pope Gregory XIV. who forbade slavery in 1591. He said:

"We order all persons dwelling in those Islands to set wholly free, without any craft or deceit, whatever Indian slaves or serfs they may have; nor for the future shall they, in any manner contrary to the edict of the said King Philip, take or keep captives or slaves."

This order was very poorly obeyed.

The Arrival of the Friars.-The Augustinians, in 1565, were the first friars who settled in the Philip

pines. They had charge of the mission in Cebú, Manila, and in the districts now known as Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bulacan, and Ilocos.

The Franciscans came next, in 1577. They labored in La Laguna and southern Luzon. The Jesuits arrived in 1581, and were given charge of the central and southern islands; also a few towns in La Laguna. Then came the Dominicans, 1587, to whom a part of Pangasinan and all of Cagayan were given. The Recollects were the last of the great orders to arrive, in 1606. They worked in Zambales, Mindanao, and the smaller Visayas. A few friars of other orders came in later times, but these five are the chief religious orders that have worked in the Philippines.

Character of the Early Friars. The friars who came to the Philippines with the conquerors were not rich and powerful. They did not have great haciendas and fine houses. Some of them begged their food from the Filipinos. The Franciscans did not, like the others, receive money from the taxes the government raised. They lived with the natives, who supported them by gifts.

These first missionaries were brave, self-sacrificing men. They labored patiently and lovingly with the poor, ignorant, warring natives. They studied the native dialects diligently so that they could understand the people and preach to them. Often after three to six months' study of Tagalog or Visayan they were able to write and speak these tongues.

One young Jesuit learned to read, write, and talk Tagalog in seventy-four days.

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ST. AUGUSTINE CONVENT, MANILA.

What the Friars Taught.-Besides the Catholic religion, the friars of those days taught the Filipinos many things that are necessary to civilization. They

showed them how to make brick, to burn lime from shells and coral rock, to build houses of stone, to make roads, and to do many other things.

At times the convents were turned into workshops to teach various handicrafts, like carpentry. The friars took great interest in agriculture. They preached sermons on the best ways of planting. They brought new garden-seeds from Mexico and Spain. The anona, atl, chico, and papaya, also corn, cacao, tobacco, and maguey were all brought from Mexico.

One of the hardest and most useful of their tasks was to get the people to move into towns from their little villages in the woods and mountains. In these larger villages, they were safer. They could hear the gospel. They could see how other people lived. Their children could learn more, and have a better chance in life.

The First Spanish Schools.—The friars did what they could to teach the natives to read and write. They changed the old Filipino alphabets for the Roman alphabet that the nations of the West nearly all use. They wrote books for the Filipinos in the native dialects. These books were almost all about religion, but they opened a new world to people who had never seen a book. Juan de Placencia established many primary schools in La Laguna before 1590. These schools were not like the schools of to-day. Very little besides religion was taught in them, but they were a good beginning.

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