tubes-Narrow tubes of Henle-Intermediate tubes-Distribution of blood-

vessels in the kidney-Vessels of the Malpighian bodies-Plexus around

the convoluted tubes-Veins of the kidney-Stars of Verheyen-Lym-

phatics and nerves of the kidney-Summary of the physiological anatomy

of the kidney,.

Page 144

CHAPTER VI.

MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION AND DISCHARGE OF URINE.

Formation of the excrementitious constituents of the urine in the tissues,

absorption of these principles by the blood, and separation of them from

the blood by the kidneys-Effects of removal of both kidneys from a liv-

ing animal—Effects of tying the ureters in a living animal-Extirpation of

one kidney-Influence of blood-pressure, the nervous system, etc., upon

the secretion of urine-Effects of the destruction of all the nerves going

to the kidneys-Alternation in the action of the kidneys upon the two

sides-Changes in the composition of the blood in passing through the

kidneys-Physiological anatomy of the urinary passages—Mechanism of

the discharge of urine,

CHAPTER VII.

PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF THE URINE.

162

General physical properties of the urine-Quantity, specific gravity, and reaction

-Composition of the urine-Urea-Origin of urea-Compounds of uric

acid-Hippurates and lactates-Creatine and creatinine-Oxalate of lime—

Xanthine-Fatty matters-Inorganic constituents of the urine-Chlorides

-Sulphates-Phosphates- Coloring matter and mucus- - Gases of the

urine-Variations in the composition of the urine-Variations with age and

sex-Variations at different seasons and at different periods of the day-

Variations produced by food-Urina potus, urina cibi, and urina sanguinis

-Influence of muscular exercise-Influence of mental exertion,

CHAPTER VIII.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER.

-

186

Coverings and ligaments of the liver-Capsule of Glisson-Lobules-Branches

of the portal vein, the hepatic artery and duct-Interlobular vessels-Lob-

ular vessels-Origin and course of the hepatic veins-Interlobular veins—

Structure of a lobule of the liver-Hepatic cells-Arrangement of the

bile-ducts in the lobules-Anatomy of the excretory biliary passages-

Vasa aberrantia-Gall-bladder-Hepatic, cystic, and common ducts-

Nerves and lymphatics of the liver-Mechanism of the secretion and dis-

charge of bile-Secretion of bile from venous or arterial blood-Quantity

of bile-Variations in the flow of the bile-Influence of the nervous system

on the secretion of bile-Discharge of bile from the gall-bladder, Page 232

CHAPTER IX.

EXCRETORY FUNCTION OF THE LIVER.

General properties of the bile-Composition of the bile-Biliary salts-Tauro-

cholate of soda-Glycocholate of soda-Origin of the biliary salts-Choles-

terine-Process for the extraction of cholesterine-Biliverdine-Tests for

bile-Test for biliverdine-Test for the biliary salts-Pettenkofer's test

-Excretory function of the liver-Origin of cholesterine-Experiments

showing the passage of cholesterine into the blood as it circulates through

the brain-Analyses of venous blood from the two sides of the body in

cases of hemiplegia-Elimination of cholesterine by the liver-Analyses

showing accumulation of cholesterine in the blood in certain cases of

organic disease of the liver-Cholesteræmia,

258

CHAPTER X.

.

PRODUCTION OF SUGAR IN THE LIVER.

Evidences of a glycogenic function in the liver-Processes for the determination

of sugar-Fehling's test for sugar-Examination of the blood of the portal

system for sugar-Inosite-Examination of the blood of the hepatic veins

for sugar-Does the liver contain sugar during life?—Characteristics of

liver-sugar-Mechanism of the production of sugar by the liver-Glyco-

genic matter-Process for the extraction of glycogenic matter-Variations

in the glycogenic function-Production of sugar in fœtal life-Influence of

digestion and of different kinds of food on glycogenesis-Influence of the

nervous system, etc., on glycogenesis-Artificial diabetes-Influence of the

inhalation of anaesthetics and irritating vapors on glycogenesis-Destina-

tion of sugar-Alleged production of fat by the liver-Changes in the

albuminoid and the corpuscular elements of the blood in their passage

through the liver,

295

CHAPTER XI.

THE DUCTLESS GLANDS.

Probable office of the ductless glands-Anatomy of the spleen-Fibrous struc-

ture of the spleen (trabecula)-Malpighian bodies-Spleen-pulp-Vessels

and nerves of the spleen-Some points in the chemical constitution of the

spleen-State of our knowledge concerning the functions of the spleen-

Variations in the volume of the spleen during life-Extirpation of the

spleen-Anatomy of the suprarenal capsules-Cortical substance-Medul-

lary substance-Vessels and nerves-Chemical reactions of the suprarenal

capsules-State of our knowledge concerning the functions of the supra-

renal capsules-Extirpation of the suprarenal capsules—Addison's disease

-Anatomy of the thyroid gland-State of our knowledge concerning the

functions of the thyroid gland-Anatomy of the thymus-Pituitary body

and pineal gland,

Page 331

CHAPTER XII.

NUTRITION.

Nature of the forces involved in nutrition-Protoplasm-Definition of vital

properties-Life, as represented in development and nutrition-Principles

which pass through the organism-Principles consumed in the organism-

Nitrogenized principles-Development of power and endurance by exercise

(Training)-Non-nitrogenized principles-Formation and deposition of fat

-Conditions under which fat exists in the organism-Physiological anatomy

of adipose tissue-Conditions which influence nutrition-Products of dis-

assimilation,

366

CHAPTER XIII.

ANIMAL HEAT.

General considerations-Limits of variation in the normal temperature in man

-Variations with external temperature-Variations in different parts of

the body-Variations at different periods of life-Diurnal variations-Rela-

tions of animal heat to digestion—Influence of defective nutrition and in-

anition-Influence of exercise, mental exertion, and the nervous system,

upon the heat of the body,

394

CHAPTER XIV.

SOURCES OF ANIMAL HEAT.

Connection of the production of heat with nutrition-Seat of the production of

animal heat-Relations of animal heat to the different processes of nutri-

tion-Relations of animal heat to respiration-The consumption of oxygen

and the production of carbonic acid in connection with the evolution of

heat-Exaggeration of the animal temperature in particular parts after

division of the sympathetic nerve and in inflammation-Intimate nature of

the calorific processes-Equalization of the animal temperature, 418

CHAPTER XV.

MOVEMENTS-GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CONTRACTILE TISSUES.

Amorphous contractile substance-Ciliary movements-Movements due to elas-

ticity-Varieties of elastic tissue-Muscular movements-Physiological

anatomy of the involuntary muscles-Mode of contraction of the involun-

tary muscular tissue-Physiological anatomy of the voluntary muscles—

Primitive fasciculi-Sarcolemma-Fibrilla-Fibrous and adipose tissue in

the voluntary muscles-Connective tissue-Blood-vessels and lymphatics

of the muscular tissue-Connection of the muscles with the tendons-

Chemical composition of the muscles-Physiological properties of the mus-

cles-Elasticity-Muscular tonicity-Sensibility of the muscles-Muscular

contractility, or irritability,

Page 436

CHAPTER XVI.

MUSCULAR CONTRACTION-PASSIVE ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION.

Changes in the form of the muscular fibres during contraction-Secousse,

Zückung, or spasm-Spasm produced by artificial excitation-Mechanism

of prolonged muscular contraction-Tetanus-Electric phenomena in the

muscles—Muscular effort-Passive organs of locomotion-Physiological

anatomy of the bones-Fundamental substance-Haversian rods-Haver-

sian canals-Lacunæ-Canaliculi-Bone-cells, or corpuscles-Marrow of

the bones-Medullocells-Myeloplaxes-Periosteum-Physiological anat-

omy of cartilage-Cartilage-cavities-Cartilage-cells-Fibro-cartilage, 468

CHAPTER XVII.

VOICE AND SPEECH.

Sketch of the physiological anatomy of the vocal organs-Vocal chords—Mus-

cles of the larynx-Crico-thyroid muscles-Arytenoid muscle-Lateral

cricc-arytenoid muscles-Thyro-arytenoid muscles-Mechanism of the pro-

duction of the voice-Appearance of the glottis during ordinary respira-

tion-Movements of the glottis during phonation-Variations in the quality

of the voice, depending upon differences in the size and form of the larynx

and the vocal chords-Action of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx in

phonation-Action of the accessory vocal organs-Mechanism of the dif

ferent vocal registers-Mechanism of speech,

490

PHYSIOLOGY OF MAN.

CHAPTER I.

SECRETION IN GENERAL.

General considerations-Relations of the secretions to nutrition-General mechanism of secretion-Differences between the secretions and fluids containing formed anatomical elements-Division of secretions-Mechanism of the production of the true secretions-Mechanism of the production of the excretions—Influence of the composition and pressure of the blood upon secretion-Influence of the nervous system on secretion-Excitosecretory system of nerves-General structure of secreting organs-Anatomical classification of glandular organs-Secreting membranes-Follicular glands-Racemose glands-Tubular glands-Ductless, or bloodglands-Classification of the secreted fluids-Secretions proper (permanent fluids; transitory fluids)- Excretions - Fluids containing formed anatomical elements.

THE phenomena classed by physiologists under the head of secretion are intimately connected with the general process of nutrition. In the sense in which the term secretion is usually received, it embraces most of the processes in which there is a separation of material from the blood or a formation of a new fluid out of matters furnished by the blood. The blood itself, with the lymph and the chyle, are no longer regarded as secretions. These fluids, like the tissues, are permanent constituents of the organism, undergoing those changes only that are necessary to their proper regeneration. They are likewise characterized by the presence of certain formed anatomical ele