terms, communication was slightly under difficulties, but both the chief and the interpreter showed great patience and did their best to inform us.

After some conversation, Mr. Sonoda suggested that we should visit the principal station in the Kyobashi-ku division. There we were received by the superintendent in a large office, and again entertained with the inevitable tea, this time Japanese. Here a number of clerks were busy at their desks, each having his hibatchi, or little charcoal brazier, and little tea-pot and cup beside him, to refresh himself during the long hours of labour. The Department has bureaus for every kind of enquiry, including a bureau for political, for police, and one for newspaper censorship. We went over the station and saw the cells, which are models of cleanliness and airiness, so much needed in this climate, made of hard polished wood and enclosed behind strong wooden bars which give them the appearance of elephant cages.

The "Black Maria " of Japan is a curious covered cart, or janricksha, made for either two or four prisoners, who are thrust into it in a sitting posture, there being no room to stand upright, and then securely closed in and drawn by men to their destination. The fire-engine which we saw at Osaka was drawn by ten men.

At the head police office in every city is a museum similar to that at Scotland Yard, where are glass cases full of relics of policemen who have suffered in contests with violent criminals. It was touching to see the collection of soiled garments, battered caps and broken weapons, and to think how many brave men had met their death, or suffered severe injury, in the faithful discharge of their duty. One ghastly relic was the hand (preserved in alcohol) of a murderer who had slain a policeman. Here, also, we saw cases full of photographs of criminals, murderers, thieves, incendiaries.

Amongst the criminals we saw but few women, and most of the female convicts were guilty of petty larceny. There is little or no drunkenness among the women of Japan. Immorality (without drunkenness) is a frightful source of evil, but that, unhappily, is not considered a crime.

After looking through many of the screens we came to one full of photographs, of which our showman remarked, "These were guilty of a crime of which you in England know nothing; the crime of speaking against the divinity of the emperor." We enquired if this crime were analogous to high treason," but were told, "No, not exactly." "Were these criminals Anarchists or inciters to rebellion?" "No, not that." Our interpreter thought there was no English word which would exactly give its meaning, and the subject was changed.

We learned afterwards that the emperor (or Mikado) claiming Divine origin and infallibility, the homage paid to him partakes not only of loyal respect, but of adoration and worship. On his birthday, and at certain other times, all students and Government officials are required to prostrate

1 A covered waggon drawn by horses is also used in Tokyo.

themselves before his picture. To many this act has, no doubt, entirely lost its meaning, and as prostration is a common mode of salutation in Japan, it becomes no more to them than uncovering the head in the presence of Royalty is with us; but among the common people the idea of worship is still prominent, and for their sakes many Christians refuse this act of homage, although others practise it, considering it harmless. We met with a Christian professor who had been deprived of his fellowship in the university on this ground for conscience' sake; and also heard of some who had lost their situations, and of boys publicly expelled from school; but we did not meet with any cases of imprisonment on account of it.1

detached buildings standing in grounds of several acres, well laid out with gravelled walks and trees. The men's prison is separated from the women's by a high wooden fence, with a gateway guarded by a sentinel. As we passed through the yard we saw convicts employed in building, gardening, wheeling trucks to and fro, packing rice, etc. One man was mending a roof high over our heads, while a policeman with drawn sword in hand stood in a most uncomfortable position on the slanting roof watching over him as he worked. Within the buildings we were told the prisoners were engaged in various manufactures: carpentering, brass foundry,

1 Since writing this journal we have learned that by Imperial edict the word used in connection with this ceremony has been changed from "rai-hai" (denoting worship, i.e., adoration) to "kai-rai" (denoting homage in the sense of respect).

making jinrickshas, umbrellas or pottery, up to the most delicate work in mother-o'-pearl or cloisonné, specimens of which were sold to us in the entrance hall. In the female department we found most of the women usefully employed, all dressed in loose terra-cotta coloured garments. Some were dyeing the cotton from which these garments were made, others weaving, others engaged in needlework or embroidery, many making straps of black or coloured velvet to fasten on the sandals which are worn by every one in Japan. A large number were washing clothes, some with bare feet treading. the clothes in a large tank partly full of water, while others rinsed them in a neighbouring tank full of fresh running water.

The sleeping cells were perfectly bare, with polished floors, the wadded quilts or "futons" used as beds at night being neatly folded and placed overhead upon a shelf. The cells were open on two sides with strong wooden bars, and surrounded by a verandah with sliding shutters or shogi, or paper windows. The name of each prisoner and the crime for which she was punished was placed outside the cell. There was one dark wooden box with thick walls, clean and well ventilated but without windows, standing apart from

the rest. This was the "black hole" or punishment cell, but it is very little used. Some of the women had little children with them.

In the hospital ward we found several prisoners with a nurse in charge, wrapped in thick quilts, with a block of wood for a pillow (the universal pillow in Japan, hollowed so that it fits into the neck).

Complete silence reigned in the workshops as we passed through. Some of the women looked very young, and many had a refined delicate appearance. There were 3000 men in the prison and only 250 women. The assistant superintendent who kindly went round with us, confirmed the fact that there was little or no drinking among the women of Japan. Their crimes were generally theft or incendiarism, or forgery. He said that with both sexes the same criminals often returned again and again, and many he regarded as quite hopeless.

We were not allowed to give the prisoners any books, and at the time of our visit we were told no Christian ladies were allowed to visit them; but some hope was held out that if permission were asked for a properly authorized visitor, the petition might be granted.

I

T may be that to many readers Palmer may prove a strange name. But contemporarily none secured more manifold homage of foremost men, and few left a deeper mark on their generation. Second only to the State-letters of Milton were his public Letters to the Foreign (Protestant) Churches that he single-handed was charged to address to them in the name of the Westminster "Assembly of Divines "-a " Council" that remains historically the equal of the most famous of antiquity, and far more potential and blessed in its issues while his Sabbatum Redivivum, in association with Daniel Cawdrey, abides to-day, a full quiver of arguments in defence of the divine authority and binding obligation and privilege of the Sabbath; whence subsequent apologists have drawn their most effective arrows (too often without acknowledgment). But the one thing that must permanently hold this venerated divine in memory, and give him a living place in literature and philosophy is, that he was the (now) undisputed author of "The Character of a Christian in Paradoxes and seeming Contradictions." For upwards of two hundred years these "Paradoxes were ascribed to Lord Bacon, and were included in his works by successive editors-from the archbishops SANCROFT and BLACKBURNE to Basil Montagu, and even recently. And yet all the while no fewer

6

than thirteen editions of the little book that contained them were being issued, each one bearing Palmer's name on title-pages and epistles-dedicatory. The whole remarkable story has been told by myself, and accepted inevitably everywhere as a demonstration, in the following work: "Lord Bacon not the Author of The Christian Paradoxes, being a reprint of Memorials of Godliness and Christianity' by Herbert Palmer, B.D., with Introduction, Memoir, and Notes, 1865. (Printed for Private Circulation.)" Thither all curious to know the history of the small book and the author's life are referred; also all caring to learn how maleficently the long-supposed Baconian authorship reacted on the estimate of the Christian character of BACON, in the hands of English, German, and French unbelief. SPEDDING and DEAN CHURCH may represent the glad acceptance of my demonstration; and it is satisfying to know that my discovery has for ever broken the weapons of attack on the integrity of Bacon's beliefs and on Christianity, through the "Paradoxes." That a Puritan of the Puritans, a saintly scholar amongst saintly scholars, was thus proved author, exposed the rash folly of argument from mere internal evidence, id est, without first ascertaining the external facts.

Since I issued my book (ut supra) it has been

my good hap to have purchased from the once famous but now scattered LEE WARLY Library, a precious manuscript volume wholly in the handwriting of Herbert Palmer, being an unpublished little treatise by him thus entitled "Sermons concerning the Necessity and Manner of Divine Invocation. Wherein is taught how our Prayers may be made acceptable unto God, comfortable to ourselves. A man of much prayer is a man of much grace, of little prayer little grace, no prayer no grace" (pp. 210). Prefixed is an epistle-dedicatory to the author's lady-mother; and of this I herewith give a photo-facsimile, as an example of his handwriting and autograph.

To his most Deare and
Honoured Lady Mothar
the Lady Margaret
Palmer, all grace
& glory.

Madam

Your defire to see the Fruits & affues of your Charge & hopes. If you had never spoken of it, I could not but have knower & knowing, endevour to answere in what I could so just expectation. But Since it hath not yet pleased Ged to let me speake his work in your eares; I rejoyced to know that you required to be an eye Witneffe of my. Labours & his Blessings Here therefore I prefent a Part thereof to you; as an earnest of the rest having Devoted to your Use: What scener god shall make messenger of in Eublike. Only my Request is ye you will believe

on me

More interesting still, prefixed and affixed, is a careful manuscript copy by Palmer of the entire "Paradoxes," dated "26 Sept 1644" (an additional valuable factor in the story of mis-ascription).

It seems fitting to reproduce here the first seven of the "Paradoxes" as representative of the whole. Certes they were not "milk for babes in Christ," but, rather, "strong meat" for strong men, that, pondered, yield matter for profoundest thought and gratitude.

I copy verbatim from the Ms. :—

1. A Christian is one who beleiues things web his reason cannot comprehend.

2. He hopes for yt weh hee nor any aliue ever saw. 3. He labours for that weh he knoweth he shall neuer attayne.

4. Yet in the issue finds his beleife not to haue bin false his hope makes him not ashamed, his labour is not in uaine.

5. He beleiues three to be one and one to bee three: A father not to be elder then his sonn, and the sonn to bee equall wth his father, and one procedinge from them both to bee fully equall with both.

6. Hee beleiues in one nature three persons and in one person two natures.

7. He beleiues a virgin to haue bin a mother and her son to bee her maker.

That you Shall not want any of them, longer, then while 7 can get opportunity to have them written for you & Sent to you; Many of them will cons cerne your selfe; some few others as the places & matters Differ. All I have intended for Gods Glory & his Churches good to wch end if I may Direct all my thoughts; I request your continuall prayers; while of begge of God specially if I may Live to be a continuall comfort to you every way, as Defiring to Deferme the Name of

From my Study at Queen's Colledig in Cambridge April 211826.

Your most Obadiens Dutifull Sonne Herbert Lalmer

In the Ms. the successive Paradoxes are not numbered as in the printed text.

Herewith is the golden little Letter, and the writing is so distinct and admirable that it needeth not to be further printed.

It may be added that amongst other memoranda in the little book is this inscription-"Joane Dryland her Booke giuen to her by ye Lady Pallmer"; probably her lady's-maid. The Ms. of the "Paradoxes" offers certain noticeable various readings, being self-evidently earlier forms of the same that are noticeable for their precision and concinnity. Elsewhere I hope to draw on these MSS. of Palmer.

ALEXANDER B. GROSART, D.D., LL.D.

The Old World's greatest

L

IVERPOOL, the second city in England, and the seaport of the greatest manufacturing district Seaport. in the world, is often said to be the most American of all our cities. Its wonderfully rapid growth, its everywhere modern aspect, its profusion of handsome and substantial public buildings, and the munificence of its wealthy citizens in the common cause, are everywhere visible, and win the stranger's admiration.

In the world of commerce, Liverpool stands almost alone. If London's claim to the markets of the Eastern World is greater, Liverpool has her almost illimitable outlook to the West. The Mersey is the channel through which the rich products of the Western World flow into Great Britain.

Atlantic life into the great silent highway, befriending the ever-populous city with its fresh and wholesome water. The Mersey is Liverpool's chief sanitary guardian, laving every creek and inlet on either side.

A Bird's-eye

Electric

Railway.

Looking down from some sufficient The Docks: coign of 'vantage, we gain a wider view from the view of the city's maritime greatness. Liverpool's magnificent system of docks is the chief pride of her enterprising citizens. Fifty separate docks and stone basins line the margin of the river for more than six miles, and occupy twenty-five miles of quayage, and 380 acres of water-space.

Let us take a bird's-eye view of the vast and varied scene. We may look down upon it from the Overhead Electric Railway, one of Liverpool's newest and most notable enterprises.

We ascend at Pierhead, near the Landing Stage. The Electric Railway is six miles in length, and runs the whole length of the docks, from Herculaneum on the south to Seaforth Sands on the north.

In our rapid overhead flight, the interminable plantations of masts and the miles of docks and quays pass in swift procession below us; so do the gigantic warehouses, stored with cargoes from all climes, and the legions of lorries and floats employed in their inland transit. Liverpool needs all this unrivalled accommodation for her imports of 110,000,000l. and her exports of 90,000,0007. in a single year.

Nor shall we be less impressed by the sight of the great floating quay on the Mersey, known far and wide as the "Landing Stage." Here we are at the chief focus of Liverpool's ocean passengertraffic. Here we stand at the great outlet from

the Old World to the New, "the great highway of nations," the scene of unnumbered farewells and adieux of myriads of emigrants as they left the Old World for ever to seek their fortunes in the New.

The "Atlantic Liners."

Here, as at the docks, all is on the grand scale of which the broad Mersey seems the parent. At the Landing Stage come to berth the great Atlantic liners, the huge Campania and Lucania, the Majestic and the Teutonic, and their companions, each with a thousand or fifteen hundred passengers, their decks alive with waving handkerchiefs saluting friends on shore. Or we see, lying off in the river, the still larger cargo-boat, of fifteen thousand tons burden with her nine or ten thousand sheep and two thousand oxen for the English marketa cattle-boat of mammoth size compared with the swifter" ocean greyhounds," who speed across the Atlantic in less than six days.

twenty millions of passengers annually, and still the Landing Stage is thronged. Steamboats are starting for the towns on the opposite coast-for New Brighton, Rock Ferry, and Seacombe; for Eastham, Egremont, and New Ferry; for the chief ports in Ireland; for Glasgow; and for the ports on the Welsh coast. These and many more give and draw their daily tribute to and from the Landing Stage.

The greatness and the burden of the scene alike fascinate the spectator. Each new aspect of the great dissolving view stirs the heart afresh with the vastness of the human interests around us.

The Seamen

The great human tide which surges by

of the World. us on the quays, the riverside streets, and in the backwaters of the city, is largely made up of seamen. The number from all parts of the world who enter and leave the port of Liverpool every year has been estimated as, at the least, two hundred thousand. We may easily see them and mix with them in the docks as well as in the riverside streets, for Liverpool's docks are unenclosed. Unlike those of London and elsewhere, no high walls surround them and exclude the visitor. You may hear many languages, and see men in all colours of skin and dress.

A new sense of cosmopolitanism and worldwide friendship is brought home to us. "This passing contact and contrast of races," says a fellow-visitor, "this mixture of land and water, of homely trucks and foreign traders, of horse

ocean-going steamers. Daily they bring across the Mersey the overflow population who sleep at Birkenhead and elsewhere on the Cheshire coast. The Mersey Tunnel has come to the relief of

[From Photo by Priestley & Sons.

vans and steam-vessels, the tiers of huge ocean-going ships brought so close to the shore that you can touch them with a stick or umbrella, produce a sense of proximity to the very ends of the world."