Columbian days, however, were naturally held in New York and Chicago, in many respects the first and second cities of the land, which had competed determinedly yet amicably for the site of the Columbian Fair. New York elected to stand on the ancient ways, and celebrate on and about October 12, regardless of the new style and the whirligig of time, which had made October 21 the true anniversary of the landing. But the older date had been solemnly enacted into law, the Legislature of the Empire State declaring it a public holiday, and authorizing the city government of New York to expend $50,000 upon the observance, Liberal contributions and the sale of seats upon the grand stands, swelled the sum available for Columbian expenditures to $150,000, which a committee of one hundred was appointed by the Mayor to disburse. Perfect weather blessed all the week; and the city was profusely, if not very elegantly or tastefully, decorated.

In Union Square, where the processions debouched upon it from 14th Street, the grand stands for the reviewing party and the favored spectators were erected, almost concealing the bronze Washington, the Lincoln, Lafayette, and other statuary clustered there. At the Cathedral of St. Patrick, on Fifth Avenue, a graceful triumphal arch had been erected, its canopy surmounted by a globe and four symbolic statues of heroic size. At 59th Street and Fifth Avenue (Central Park) was built a more pretentious structure, called by pre-eminence the Columbian Arch, designed by Henry R. Herts, a youth of twentyone, and as yet but a student in Columbia College.

At 59th Street and Eighth Avenue, still stands, and is to stand permanently, the grand memorial of the great week, the Columbus Monument, fitly presented by the Italians of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America, and the American people. The corner-stone of the monument was laid September 16 last (p. 297). It originated with the Chevalier Charles Barsotti, proprietor of the Progresso Italo-Americano, an Italian journal published in New York, who,

in July, 1889, proposed the graceful duty through his paper, and opened a subscription to execute it. A generous gift by the Italian Government presently insured success; and, on the 10th of December, 1890, the models submitted by a number of sculptors, and exhibited in Rome, testified the interest which had been awakened. The design selected is by Professor Gaetano Russo, a native artist of Rome. The monument is considered one of the finest, most expressive and effective memorials anywhere erected for twenty-five years. The monument itself is of Baveno granite, seventy-five feet high. Upon the base are two bas-reliefs in bronze, representing Columbus at first sight of land and Columbus landing. The statue of Columbus is fourteen feet high, of pure white Carrara marble; and, in the same material, is a figure of the Genius of Geography, ten feet in height. On the side opposite the latter, is a bronze eagle six feet in height, carrying in its claws the shields of Genoa, the native city of Columbus, and of the United States.

The formal commemorations began on Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath), October 8, with suitable religious observances in the synagogues, which were followed the next day by sermons and services in most of the Christian churches of the city.

On Monday, a grand procession of college and other students, including children from the public schools, all together numbering about 25,000, moved down Fifth Avenue from the new Columbian Arch at Central Park to the Washington Arch at the foot of the avenue, which was left from the Inauguration Centennial of 1889. After the mounted policemen and the Grand Marshal and his staff, came Mayor Grant, of New York City, on foot. Next came the band of the famous Seventh Regiment, heading twenty battalions, 10,000 strong, of the city school-boys, followed by the Mayor of Brooklyn and a large contingent from her public schools, and a boys' company from Jersey City, N. J. Next marched a strong division from the Catholic schools, nearly all the companies uniformed. In this,

special attention was directed to a company of miniature Zouaves and another of very little negro boys in uniform, who carried small muskets. The private schools were headed by a juvenile drum corps, in age from four to ten years. A troop of Indian boys and girls from the government school at Carlisle, Pa., attracted much notice. The college students in large numbers represented Columbia College and respectively the University and the College of the City of New York. From the College of Physicians and Surgeons, came a battalion marked by somewhat ghastly badges in miniature skeletons upon their hats, some bearing human bones in their hands. Finally the young gentlemen of the Art League came on, each with palette in hand. A vast throng, estimated at half a million, viewed the parade with great satisfaction. The Vice-President of the United States, with several Governors and other dignitaries, occupied the reviewing stand past which it marched. At 42d Street, a large number of girls from the public schools, who had not been asked to join the procession, "were banked like flowers on a stand," and sang National songs. About the Lafayette statue in Union Square-on three sides of which the long line moved-several thousand Catholic school-girls were so costumed and grouped as to represent an enormous, but beautiful and living, Flag of the Union. The procession was disbanded at Washington Square, but remains in memory as one of the most interesting displays of the occasion. On the same day, the Art Loan Exhibition was opened at the National Academy of Design; in the evening, Pratt's cantata of "Columbus Triumphant" was sung at the Carnegie Music Hall; and the day closed with brilliant coruscations of fireworks from the Brooklyn Bridge.

On Tuesday, the 11th, occurred the naval parade, in which were about fifty vessels of all classes in the United States Navy, several Spanish, Italian, and French war-ships, the steamers of the New York Fire, Police, and Dock Departments, and one hundred vessels of the merchant marine. The fleet rendezvoused at Gravesend Bay,

on the Long Island shore, just outside the Narrows, and moved at 12:30 o'clock, the course up New York Bay and the North River having been cleared by twenty steam tugs, acting as a platoon of naval police. The Admiral's flag-ship, the huge Philadelphia, led the way, with the graceful Dolphin next, followed by the French gunboat Hussard and man-of-war Arethuse, and the rest in gigantic and stately procession. National salutes of twenty-one guns were fired in rapid succession from Forts Wadsworth and Hamilton, Bedlow's Island, and Castle William, and the heavy ordnance of the men-of-war. Salutes were repeated from the ships, when, at the end of the parade, Vice-President Morton, Governor Flower, and others passed in the steamer Howard Carroll down the mighty line. The parade ceased opposite the tomb of General Grant, 126th Street, in the Riverside Park. The same afternoon, an "athletic carnival" was transacted at Manhattan Field, on Sixth Avenue; and, in the evening, a parade of the Catholic societies, and a chorus concert of 6,000 from the German-American societies at the Seventh Regiment Armory. Another pyrotechnic display was made from the Brooklyn Bridge, but was brought to a hasty close by the premature ignition of the principal piece, representing Niagara Falls.

Wednesday, the anniversary day, witnessed, of course, the culmination of the celebration in one of the finest military parades ever formed, some 70,000 being in line. General Martin T. McMahon, Grand Marshal, was in command, with a numerous and glittering staff. The marching column was headed by the West Point Cadets, who appeared at their best. Then came the field batteries of the Regular Army and other branches of the service, including the Marine Corps and sailors from the war vessels, then the Signal Corps of the State service, with the famous city regiments, notably the favorite Seventh, and another brigade of out-of-town regiments of the National Guard of the State of New York, with batteries and independent companies, and the Naval Reserve. A detachment of several

regiments followed from the National Guard of Pennsylvania, led by Governor Pattison, and the picturesque City Troop of Philadelphia. Smaller bodies from New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, and even the Gate City Guard, all the way from Atlanta, Ga., closed a line some part of which was on the march from 10 A. M. until sundown. It is estimated that not less than 2,000,000 persons witnessed this parade. In the absence of President Harrison, kept away by the fatal illness of his wife, the Government was represented on the reviewing stand by the Vice-President, who was supported by Ex-President Hayes, President-Elect Cleveland, Governor Flower, and other Chief Magistrates, General Schofield, and a brilliant cluster of famous men and women. At the close of the parade, the Columbus Monument was unveiled with becoming ceremony. An address was pronounced by Baron Fava, Italian Minister to the United States; and General James G. Wilson represented the city in receiving the noble gift from Signor Barsotti, chairman of the Italian committee. At night the city was illuminated, and another series of fireworks set off from the great bridge. A stupendous night parade, with bicycle clubs carrying lanterns, numerous historical and allegorical floats, and other spectacular features, proved a comparative failure, from the lateness of its start, the weariness of the people, and the darkness that settled upon some of the streets before they were reached by the procession.

A banquet at the Lenox Lyceum on Thursday evening closed the New York celebrations. Mayor Grant presided.

The Celebration in Chicago. Chicago preferred to place her memorial celebration upon the true anniversary of the discovery, Friday, October 21, new style. On this day, the great military parade moved, and the wonderful" White City" at Jackson Park was dedicated to the purposes of the Columbian Fair. The entertainments of the week opened with a ball in the immense Auditorium on Wednesday evening, given by Chicago so

ciety to the representatives of Federal, State, and Foreign Governments, and other dignitaries. The next day, came the civic parade, in which about 75,ooo persons took part, with massed lines of spectators filling every available square foot along several miles of march, and estimated at 1,200,000, half a million of them from out of town. President Harrison was prevented from appearing by the illness of Mrs. Harrison, and the Vice-President was again the Nation's foremost representative. He, with other eminent persons, viewed the procession from a stand erected near the Postoffice. Major-General Miles,commanding the Military Division of the Pacific, with his numerous staff, was Grand Marshal of the day. Governor Fifer, of Illinois, and Mayor Washburne, with the City Council, were escorted by the Chicago Hussars, in their unique uniform of black and white. The Governors of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, Iowa, Colorado, California, and Washington, also rode in the procession with their staffs. There were a few other military features, as a Scotch regiment with band of bag-pipes, which led a heterogeneous division of societies composed of Scotchmen, Irishmen, Englishmen, Italians, Swedes, Poles, and others. The Italian associations had the post of honor, and, among other attractive exhibits, presented a float carrying a miniature Santa Maria rolling and pitching on a mimic sea, and full of sailors, with Columbus himself on the lookout at the bow. angemen and Turners, the Catholic and innumerable societies and guilds of native American membership, the Indian boys with their gray uniforms from the Carlisle Industrial School, 2,000 boys from the Chicago public schools, and many other parts of the tremendous column, were viewed with peculiar interest. Another ball was given in the evening at the Armory of the First Infantry; and a dinner by the Chicago Fellowship Club, to 115 of the more distinguished guests. Among them were Cardinal Gibbons, Ex-President Hayes, Vice-President Morton, Chief Justice Fuller, Postmaster-General Wanamaker, Governor McKinley, Dr. Gaudens, the sculptor, and F. D.

The Or

World's Fair Commission, presided. The chorus sang a Columbian March written for the occasion by Professor Paine. An elaborate prayer was of fered by Bishop Charles H. Fowler, of California; and introductory and welcoming addresses followed from Director-General Davis, Mayor Washburne, and others. The dedicatory ode by Miss Harriet F. Monroe, of Chicago, was partly read and partly sung, as the poet had effectively arranged several stanzas. It depicts Columbia receiving the nations to behold the climax of her greatness. Commemorative medals were delivered by President Palmer to the master artists of the Exhibition; Haydn's noble chorus, "The heavens are telling," was sung; and the Vice-President, as representative of the nation, formally accepted and dedicated to all humanity "the buildings and their appurtenances intended by the Congress of the United States for the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, to the world's progress in art, in science, in agriculture, and in manufacture." Then followed the great feature of the occasion, the masterly and eloquent oration of Chauncey M. Depew, of New York. Its exordium was especially fine. The oration of Hon. Henry Watterson, the brilliant editor of the Louisville Courier-Journal, was another happy feature, and was received with warm appreciation. In comprehensiveness of scope, it perhaps fell behind the masterly effort of Mr. Depew; but it was even more rhetorical in style, and was delivered with equal fervor and energy. Mrs. Potter Palmer also spoke as the official representative of her sex, and as an exponent of the important work done and yet to be done in the Exposition by women.

Prayer by Archbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, Minn., and a benediction by Rev. Dr. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia, Pa., closed the exercises.

In the evening, at the Auditorium, the World's Auxiliary Columbian Congress was inaugurated, "to organize and cause to be held, during the several months allotted to the Exposition, international conventions of the scholars and workers of the world along

all the lines of human progress in the various departments of civilized life.” Three magnificent displays of fireworks were made in widely separated parts of the city, each witnessed, it is estimated, by at least 200,000 persons.

THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The formal dedication of the World's Fair buildings took place, as described in the preceding article, on Friday, October 21.

The buildings and annexes are hastening to completion, and exhibits are already beginning to be placed. By December 1, nearly $12,500,000 had been expended, and a balance of about $636,000 was in hand. The gate receipts since May aggregated $171,162. The Horticultural Building has been opened as a winter garden, its chief attraction a miniature mountain with its slopes bearing rare flowers in the same natural order as upon a real mountain. About 200 buildings of all sizes and purposes are upon the grounds, besides 48 groups of sculpture and 103 single figures, all of heroic size. The arrangements in all departments are on the grandest scale ever known. Even the man who buys the exclusive privilege of selling peanuts at the Fair, pays $140,000 for it, and as much more as 70 per cent of his gross receipts will add after this payment is taken from them. Awards are to be made to exhibitors not by juries, as heretofore, but by individual judges.

Sunday Closing.

The agitation for the opening of the Fair on Sunday was renewed with great activity upon the opening of the present session of Congress, which has been petitioned to repeal the prohibitory clause of the statute passed at the last session. A House Committee has given several animated hearings to the advocates and opponents of the repeal. Cardinal Gibbons and Bishop Henry C. Potter, of New York, are the most noted of recent accessions to the ranks of Sunday openers, who claim that the Fair may be made to minister to the artistic, moral, and religious education of the people on Sundays. The proposition to open the gates of the Fair on Sundays, but not to allow any business