CONTENTS.

PART I.

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS.

Introduction, 17.-Instruments, 18.-General Rules, 21.-Suggestions to

Beginners, 23.-Private Autopsies, 24.

I. EXTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE BODY.

Inspection of the Body as a Whole, 26.-Special Inspection of the Different

Parts of the Body, 27.

II. INTERNAL EXAMINATION OF THE BODY.

Opening of the Abdominal Cavity, 27.-Inspection of the Abdominal Cavity,

29.-Opening of the Thorax, 30.-Inspection of the Pleural Cavities, 31.—

Opening of the Pericardium, 32.-External Inspection of the Heart, 32.—

Opening of the Heart, 33.-Removal of the Lungs, 37.-Organs of the Neck,

39.-The Abdominal Cavity, 40.-The Spleen, 41.-The Gastro-intestinal

Tract, 41.-The Liver, 44; The Kidneys and Adrenals, 45.-The Pelvic

Organs, 47.-Removal of the Brain, 50.-External Examination of the Brain,

55.-Section of the Brain, 56.-Virchow's Method, 58; Pitre's Method, 59.-

Removal of the Spinal Cord, 60.-The Eye, 62.-The Ear, 63.-The Naso-

pharynx, 64-Examination of New-born and Very Young Children, 65.—

Restitution of the Body, 67

PART II.

BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS.

I. CULTURE-MEDIA.

The Preparation of Test-tubes, 70.—Preparation of Culture-media:

Bouillon, 71; Glucose Bouillon, 73; Agar-agar (Plain), 74; Glucose Agar-

agar, 77.-Glycerin Agar-agar, 77; Gelatin (Plain), 78; Glucose Gelatin, 79;

Blood-serum (Löffler's Mixture), 79; Litmus-milk, 82; Potato-cultures Accord-

ing to Bolton, 82; Dunham's Pepton Solution, 83.-The Adjustment of the

Reaction of Culture-media by Titration, 83.-The Filling of Test-tubes, 85.-

Sterilization of Culture-media, 87.-The Autoclave, 88.-The Storage

of Culture-media, 89.

II. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS.

Methods of Collecting Material, 89.-Cover-glass Preparations, 92.—Staining

Methods for Cover-glass Preparations: Simple Staining, 94; Pappenheim's

Pyrosin and Methyl-green Mixture, 94; Gram's Method of Staining, 94.—

Examination by Cultures, 95.-Method of Preparing Cultures on Blood-serum,

96.—The Platinum Wire or Loop, 96.—Cultures from Blood During Life, 98.—

The Inoculation of Animals, 99.

III. THE METHODS OF STUDYING BACTERIA IN CULTURES.

1. Cover-glass Preparations from Cultures, 100.-The Staining of

Spores, 101.-The Staining of Flagella, 102; Löffler's Method, 103; Pitfield's

Method as Modified by J. Blackburn Smith, 104; Bowhill's Method, 104;

S. H. Neuman's Method, 105; Williams' Method, 105.-2. Methods of

Obtaining Pure Cultures, 108.-Method of Isolation of a Bacterium in

Pure Culture from a Mixed Growth, 110; The Plate Method of Petri, III.-

The Determination of the Motility of Bacteria, 113; H. W. Hill's Hanging-

block Method for the Observation of Developing Bacteria, 114; Celloidin

Sacs, 115.-3. The Inoculation of Animals, 116.-Guinea-pigs, 116.-

Rabbits, 117.-Mice, 119.-The Care of Animals, 121.-4. Cultivation

without Oxygen (Anaërobic Cultures), 121.-Culture-media for Anaërobic

Bacteria, 122; Method of Liborius, 122; Simple Anaërobic Plate-cultures, 124;

Buchner's Method, 124; Hans Zinsser's Method for Anaerobic Plate-cultures,

125; Wright's Method, 126.

IV. SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY.

Staphylococcus Pyogenes Aureus, 128.-Staphylococcus Pyogenes Albus and

Citreus, 131.—Staphylococcus Epidermidis Albus, 131.—Staphylococcus Cereus

Albus and Flavus, 132.-Streptococcus Pyogenes, 132.-Erysipelas, 135.—

Pneumococcus, 135; Streptococcus Capsulatus, 139.-Gonococcus, 141;

Special Culture-media, 142; Diagnosis, 144; Method of Staining for Gono-

cocci, 146.-Micrococcus Catarrhalis, 147.-Micrococcus Tetragenus, 148.-

Diplococcus Intracellularis Meningitidis, 149.-Bacillus Diphtheria, 153;

Special Methods of Staining the Bacillus Diphtheria, 158; Neisser's Method,

158; Hunt's Method, 159.—Bacillus of Typhoid Fever, 159; Differential

Diagnosis between the Bacillus of Typhoid Fever and the Bacillus Coli Com-

munis, 163; the Blood-serum Reaction in Typhoid Fever, 164; Cultivation of

the Typhoid Bacillus from the Blood during Life, 166; Cultivation of the

Typhoid Bacillus from the Feces, 166.-Bacillus Coli Communis, 169.-Para-

typhoid and Paracolon Bacilli, 173.-Bacillus Dysenteria, 174.-Bacillus

Tuberculosis, 176; Examination of the Sputum for Tubercle Bacilli, 181;

Tubercle Bacilli in Urine, 182; Surgical Tuberculosis, 183.-Leprosy, 184.—

Spirillum of Asiatic Cholera (Comma Bacillus), 184; Bacterial Diagnosis,

188.-Bacillus of Anthrax, 191.-Bacillus Pyocyaneus (Bacillus of Green

Pus), 195.-Bacillus of Bubonic Plague, 198.-Bacillus of Influenza, 201.-

Bacillus of Glanders (Bacillus Mallei), 205.-Bacillus of Chancroid (Bacillus

of Ducrey), 209.-Bacillus Proteus (Proteus Vulgaris), 211.-Bacillus

Mucosus Capsulatus, 212.-Bacillus of Tetanus, 215; Method of Isolation,

218. Bacillus Aerogenes Capsulatus, 219.-Bacillus of Malignant Edema,

221.-Micro-organism of Actinomycosis, 222; Cultures, 227; Pathogenesis,

228; Method of Isolation, 228.

PART III.

HISTOLOGICAL METHODS.

Introduction, 232.-Laboratory Outfit: Microscopes, 232.-Freezing

Microtome, 234.-Celloidin Microtome, 237.-Paraffin Microtome, 239.-

Paraffin Bath, 239.-Vulcanized Fiber, 240.-Knives, 241.-Running Water,

242.-Slides, 243.-Cover-slips, 243.-Staining Dishes, 243.-Metal Instru-

ments, 244-Bottles, 245.-Examination of Fresh Material, 245.-In-

different Fluids, 247.-Macerating Fluids, 247.—Examination of Fluids, 247.—

Injections, 248.-Cold Injection-masses, 248.-Warm injection-masses,

249.-Fixing Reagents, 250.-Alcohol, 251.-Zenker's Fluid, 252.-Cor-

rosive Sublimate, 253.-Orth's Fluid, 254.-Flemming's Solution, 254.-Her-

mann's Solution, 255.-Pianese's Solution, 255.-Formaldehyde, 255.—

Wright's Method for Frozen Sections, 256.-Boiling, 259.-Müller's Fluid, 259.—

Marchi's Fluid, 260.-Decalcification, 260.-Directions for Using Nitric Acid,

261. Phloroglucin and Nitric Acid, 261.-Sulphurous Acid, 262.-Trichlor-

acetic Acid, 262.-Imbedding Processes, 262.-Celloidin, 263.-Imbedding

in Celloidin, 263.—Imbedding in Paraffin, 267.—Serial Sections by the Celloi-

din Method, 270.—Serial Sections by the Paraffin Method, 272.—Wright's Im-

bedding Method for Frozen Sections, 272.-Staining Solutions: Hematox-

ylin and Hematein Stains, 273.-Carmine Stains, 278.-Aniline Dyes, 279.—

Diffuse Stains, 284.—Combination Stains, 285.-Pianese's Staining Solutions

and Staining Methods, 286.-Orcein, 289.-Iodin, 289.-Lugol's Solution,

289.-Acid Alcohol, 290.-Aniline Water, 290.-Carbolic-acid Water, 290.-

Mayer's Glycerin-albumin Mixture, 290.-Clearing Reagents, 290.-Mounting

Reagents, 293.-Metallic Stains or Impregnations, 294.-Silver, 294.—

Gold, 296.-Osmic Acid, 297.-Staining Methods, 297.-Nuclear Stains,

301.-Alum-hematoxylin Stains, 302.-Aqueous Alum-hematoxylin; Delafield's

Hematoxylin; Ehrlich's Acid Hematoxylin, 303.-Mayer's Hemalum, 303.—

Heidenhain's Hematoxylin Stain, 304.-Weigert's Iron Hematoxylin, 304.-

Heidenhain's Iron Hematoxylin, 304-Mallory's Chlorid of Iron Hema-

toxylin, 305.-Carmine Stains, 306.-Aniline Dyes as Nuclear Stains, 307.-

Diffuse or Contrast-stains, 309.-Combination Stains, 311.-Staining in Mass,

311.-Mitosis, 312.-Directions for Staining Karyomitotic Figures with

Safranin, 313.-Special Stains for Certain Tissue-elements other than

Nuclei, 314.-Mastzellen, 314.-Plasma-cells, 315.-The Collagen Fibrils

and Reticulum of Connective Tissue, 316.-Fibroglia Fibrils, 318.-Elastic

Fibers, 320.-Smooth and Striated Muscle-cells, 323.-The Central Nervous

System, 324.-General Stains, 326.—Stains for Nissl or Tigroid Bodies, 328.—

Ganglion-cells; Dendritic and Axis-cylinder Processes, 329; Axis-cylinders

and their Terminal Processes, 333; Stains for the Myelin-sheath, 337; Stains

for the Neuroglia-fibers, 343.-Degenerations of the Nervous System, 348.-

Examination of the Blood, 349.-Apparatus Used in the Examination of

the Blood, 349.-Preparation of Apparatus, 352.-Obtaining the Blood, 354.—

The Hemoglobin Test, 354.—Estimation of Number of Red Corpuscles, 356.-

The Elements of the Blood, 359.-Cover-glass Preparations, 362.-Methods

of Staining, 364.-Methods of Examining the Blood without Drying or Fixa-

tion, 370.-Methods of Fixing and Examining Special Organs and

Tissues, 371.-Acute Inflammatory Exudations; Granulation-tissue, 371.-

Lung, 372.-Bone-marrow and Spleen, 372.-Kidney, 375.-Gastro-intestinal

Tract, 376.-Liver, 376.-Bone and Cartilage, 377.-Skin, 380.-Museum

Preparations, 381.—Pathological Products, 383.-Cloudy Swelling; Albu-

minous Degeneration, 383.-Fat, 383.—Necrosis, 387.—Caseation, 388.—

Fibrin, 388.-Mucin, 389.-Pseudo-mucin, 391.-Colloid and Hyaline, 391.—

Glycogen, 394.-—Amyloid Infiltration, 397.-Pigmentation, 400.-Petrifaction,

403. The Staining of Bacteria in Tissues, 405.-Pathogenic Bacteria

which do not Stain by Gram, 407.--Gonococcus, 408.-Typhoid Bacillus,

408.-Influenza Bacillus, 409.-Glanders Bacillus, 409.-Chancroid Bacillus,

410.—Friedländer's Capsule-bacillus, 410.—Pathogenic Bacteria which Stain

by Gram, 411.-Bacillus of Rhinoscleroma, 412.-Actinomyces, 412.-Bac-

teria that Stain by the Tubercle-bacillus Method, 414.--Tubercle Bacillus,

414.-Bacillus of Leprosy, 416.—Syphilis Bacillus, 417.-Methods of Ex-

amination of Animal Parasites, 419.--Malarial Organisms, 419.-Rabies,

426.-Amceba Coli, 428.-Sporozoa, 431.-Round-worms, 431.-Trichinæ,

432.-Tape-worms, 433.-Tania Solium, 433.-Tania Mediocanellata s.

Saginata, 434.-Tania Echinococcus, 435.-Bothriocephalus Latus, 435.-

Clinical Pathology, 435.-Examination of Tissues from Clinical Cases for

Diagnosis, 436.-Uterine Scrapings, 436.-Examination of Fluids Obtained

by Puncture, 437.-Examination of Serous Fluids, 438.-Animal Inoculation,

443.-Lumbar Puncture, 443.-Ovarian and Parovarian Cysts, 446.--Pancre-

atic Cyst or Fistula, 446.-Dropsy of the Gall-bladder, 447.-Hydronephrosis

and Renal Cysts, 447.-Echinococcus Cysts, 447.-Examination of the

Sputum, 448.-Examination of the Gastric Contents, 452.-Examination of

the Feces, 454.-Examination of the Urine, 454.-Method of Preparing the

"Bacterial Vaccines" of Sir A. E. Wright, 454.-Index, 459.

LIBRARY.

PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE.

PART I.

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS.

Introduction.-The method of making post-mortem examinations as originally taught by Virchow has been variously modified in its details by his pupils and followers. We have endeavored, while following in general his plan, to select those modifications that have proved simplest and of greatest value. In certain instances we have not hesitated to adopt, or at least to call attention to, useful methods of procedure originating in the Rokitansky school of pathology, as now best exemplified by Chiari.

The problem offered by an autopsy is often solved in part or wholly by the macroscopic post-mortem examination. More frequently, however, the complete and final solution is reached only after careful bacteriological and histological study. The post-mortem examination may, therefore, be looked upon as the beginning of the solution of the problem. Its particular function is to demonstrate in the individual case all congenital or acquired abnormalities, all macroscopic lesions, and to explain all gross mechanical questions. It furnishes the material for bacteriological and histological study. Perfectly to accomplish its purpose a post-mortem examination must be made in a careful, systematic manner.

While a general method of procedure is advisable, it will often be found advantageous, or even necessary, to depart