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France as Minister of the United States; he was one of the commissioners that negotiated the treaty that closed the Revolution. In 1785 he went to England as representative of our country. He returned to America in 1788, and was elected Vice-President under Washington. On Washington's retirement in 1797, he was elected President by a majority of three electoral votes over Jefferson. During his administration trouble arose with France, and war was imminent, several naval engagements actually taking place, (See X. Y. Z. Mission) The allen and wedition sawa jaz during his administration tenced to make it pupopular, while his policy toward France, which are the wat, alienated a portion of his party, and the end of dia admin istration saw the party thoroughly divides and celem w the polla. He was the fine and only Federova Pamatk His party in Congres nat, pues ufor the expres term, mered & zumber of new jutgestipe to wtedy Federace End Liane de ing ter smuaa ing of the we say of na vrn *

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France as Minister of the United States; he was one of the commissioners that negotiated the treaty that closed the Revolution. In 1785 he went to England as representative of our country. He returned to America in 1788, and was elected Vice-President under Washington. On Washington's retirement in 1797, he was elected President by a majority of three electoral votes over Jefferson. During his administration trouble arose with France, and war was imminent, several naval engagements actually taking place. (See X. Y. Z. Mission.) The alien and sedition laws passed during his administration tended to make it unpopular, while his policy toward France, which averted the war, alienated a portion of his party, and the end of his administration saw his party thoroughly divided and defeated at the polls. He was the first and only Federalist President. His party in Congress had, just before the expiration of his term, created a number of new judgeships to be filled with Federalists, and Adams, after signing their commissions until late at night of the last day of his term, withdrew from Washington early the next day without participating in Jefferson's inauguration. (See Midnight Judges.)

Adams, John Quincy, was born in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts, July 11, 1767, and died in Washington, February 23, 1848. He was the eldest son of John Adams and a graduate of Harvard. He was admitted to the bar in 1791, and in 1794 he became Minister at The Hague. In 1803 he became a Federalist Senator. As Senator he supported the embargo, for which course the State Legislature censured him. He at once resigned and joined the Republican (Democratic-Republican) party, and by his new friends he was sent as Minister, first to Russia, and then to Great Britain. He became Secretary of State under Monroe in 1817, and in 1825 was elected to succeed him. His election was by the House of Representatives. His election, his enemies claimed, was the result of a corrupt bargain with Henry Clay, but this charge, although frequently repeated, has always been denied, and it has never been proved. He served but one term. During his administration the anti-Masonic feeling first arose. In 1831, Adams was elected to the House of Representatives, in which he served until his death, seventeen years later. He was

stricken with apoplexy in the House, and died two days thereafter. While a member of the House he was a law unto himself-no party claiming his allegiance and he was the principal champion of free speech against the Gag Laws (which see).

Adams, Samuel. A delegate to the first Continental Congress; a member of the second Continental Congress; a signer of the Declaration of Independence; a member of the Massachusetts ratifying convention, 1788; lieutenant governor of Massachusetts 1789-94; governor of Massachusetts 1794-97. Born at Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 1722; died at Boston Oct. 2, 1803.

Administration, The, Should be Conducted Behind Glass Doors. President Cleveland used this metaphor to express his views as to the publicity that should surround the acts of public servants.

Administrations of the United States. For the officers of the different administrations see under the heads of their respective functions, as follows: President; Vice President; State, Department of; Treasury Department; War Department; Justice, Department of; Post-Office Department; Navy, Department of the; Interior, Department of the.

Agriculture, Commissioner of. The Department of Agriculture was established by Act of May 15, 1862. Its object is to disseminate useful information about agriculture to the classes interested therein and to distribute among them seeds of rare or new plants. In February, 1889, this Bureau was made a Department, and the Commissioner of Agriculture, a Secretary and a member of the Cabinet. The salary is the same as that of other Cabinet officers.

Alabama was separated from Mississippi Territory (see Territories) in 1817, and made into Alabama Territory with the capital at St. Stephens. It was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819. On January 11, 1861, an ordinance of secession was adopted in a State convention and by Act of June 25, 1868, the State was readmitted to the Union. The capital is Montgomery. It is a Democratic State. The name is of Indian derivation, and was once supposed to mean "Here we rest," though it is now said to have no known meaning.

Alabama Claims. During the Civil War several Confederate cruisers were built in England, and some were equipped in the ports of that nation and her colonies. This was all in violation of Great Britain's avowedly neutral position, of her own statutes and of international law, and in spite of the fact that our minister to England, Charles Francis Adams, repeatedly protested and called the attention of the English government to what was being done. Moreover, while neutrality was strictly enforced against United States vessels in British ports, even to the extent of prohibiting their taking on board coal which had been deposited by our government, Confederate vessels found no difficulty, through the connivance of officials, in coaling and even arming in such ports. Chief among the cruisers which were built or equipped in England were the Florida, the Georgia, the Shenandoah and the Alabama; the last named because of her especially destructive career gave her name to the claims which arose from the depredations of all such vessels on the commerce of the United States. As a result of Great Britain's action in these matters the United States claimed damages from her for "direct losses in the capture and destruction of a large number of vessels, with their cargoes, and in the heavy national expenditures in the pursuit of the cruisers; and indirect injury in the transfer of a large part of the American commercial marine to the British flag, in the enhanced payment of insurance, in the prolongation of the war, and in the addition of a large sum to the cost of the war and the suppression of the rebellion." The dispute between the two governments stood unsettled till after the war. In 1866 the United States offered to submit the question to arbitration, but would not agree to a proposition made by Great Britain to limit the discussion to the damage done by the cruisers, since this would be an abandonment of our position that the granting of the rights of belligerents to the Confederate States (by the Queen's proclamation of May 13, 1861) was unjustified by necessity, morals, treaties or international law. In 1871, however, England proposed a joint commission to settle various disputes which existed between the two governments; the United States consented with the proviso that the Alabama claims should be considered and disposed of by the

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