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to receive the said Order of Knighthood of the Bath, from his majesty's hands. Hereof you are not to fail. And so I bid you heartily farewell.

Your very affectionate friend,

Whitehall, March 1, 1661.

MANCHESTER.

The Names of some of those honourable Persons, who are to be created Knights of the Bath, at the Coronation of his Majesty, April 23, 1661.

The Lord Richard Butler, son to the Lord Marquis of Ormond.

Mr. Hyde, son to the Lord Chancellor.

Mr. Egerton, son to the Earl of Bridgwater.

Mr. Berkley, son to the Lord Berkley.

Mr. Peregrin Barty, second son to the Earl of Lindsey.

Mr. Veere Vane, second son to the Earl of Westmoreland,
Mr. Bellasis, son of the Lord Bellasis.

Mr. Capell, brother to the Earl of Essex.
Mr. Francis Vane, son of Sir Francis Vane.
Mr. Henry Vanc, son of George Vane, Esq;
Mr. Edward Hungerford, of Farley Castle.

Mr. Monson, son of Sir John Monson, Knight of the Bath.
Mr. Charles Frenaman, whose noble father was slain at Bevis.
Mr. Nicholas Slannying, son of that loyal subject, Sir Nicholas
Slannying, slain at Bristol, 26 July, 1643.

Mr. Thomas Fanshaw, son of Sir Thomas Fanshaw.

Mr. Edward Wise.

Mr. Carr Scroop, grandson to the valiant Sir George Scroop, who received so many wounds in the royal cause at EdgeHill.

Mr. Butler.

Colonel Edward Harley, Governor of Dunkirk, eldest son of Sir Robert Harley, late Knt. of the Bath.

Mr. Alexander Popham.

Colonel Richard Ingoldsby.

Mr. George Browne.

Mr. Bourchier Wray, son of Sir Chichester Wray.

Mr. Francis Godolphin.

Sir Thomas Trevor.

Mr. Simon Leech.

Mr. John Bramston, son of Sir John Bramston, late Lord Chief Justice.

Mr. Wisc.

Mr. George Freeman, son of Sir Ralph Freeman.

AN HISTORICAL DISCOURSE

OF THE

FIRST INVENTION OF NAVIGATION,

AND THE ADDITIONAL IMPROVEMENTS OF IT.

With the probable Causes of the Variation of the Compass, and the Variation of the Variation.

Likewise some Reflexions upon the Name and Office of Admiral.

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

A Catalogue of those Persons that have been, from the first Institution, dignified with that Office.

By THOMAS PHILIPOTT, M. A. formerly of Clare-Hall
in Cambridge.

London: Printed in 1661. Quarto, containing thirty pages, including the Dedication.

To his Noblest Friend, Sir Francis Prujean, Doctor of Physick.

SIR, THE censures and suffrages of the world are like rocks and shelves, against which, books, like vessels, oftentimes dashing, find their own fate and shipwreck. Sir, your acceptance will dispense a nobler and more auspicious gale, than any which can be breathed from the looser or vainer air of popular applause, to transport this discourse to the publick; and it will be the happiness of this treatise, that in future times it shall intitle its safety to so successful a steerage. For, indeed, the tempest, with reason, is frequently more destructive and ruinous, than the storm without it: My own fear and caution can secure or rescue me from the danger of the last; but only your candor and approbation can redeem from the prejudices of the first,

Sir, your most devoted servant,

THOMAS PHILIPOTT.

There having been much written concerning this subject, which lies dispersed in the pages of several authors, and finding that none have as yet attempted to compile and amass those scattered notions into one heap, I did believe it a task, not unworthy the expence of time, or my labour, to contract those divided discourses into some few sheets: And having brought them int●

shape and order, to offer them up to publick view; which is the subject matter of this ensuing treatise.

FIRST, it is indisputably true from the authority of the sacred records, the structure of the ark owed and intituled its original contexture to the industrious precaution of Noah, who, by the immediate designation of God himself, brought that wooden island into shape and order, to rescue some part of mankind from the angry baptism of a publick deluge.

And it is probable, that the posterity of Noah, having plantations which were contiguous to Mount Ararat, where the ark rested, and there viewing its skeleton, might, according to that original, form and build such ships, and other vessels (the art of navigation being not yet arrived to its solstice) as might make rivers and more spacious waters obvious to a passage, and maintain such a necessary intercourse, as might improve a commerce between nation and nation.

The heathen records, and monuments of pagan antiquity, which were ignorant of the structure of the ark, according to the variety of tradition, assign the invention of navigation to several persons. Diodorus Siculus attributes it to Neptune, who from thence contracted the appellation of God of the Sea. Strabo, to Minos king of Crete. And lastly, Tibullus consecrates it to the fame and memory of the city of Tyre.

Minos indeed expelled malefactors out of the islands, and in most of them planted colonies of his own, by which means, they who inhabited the sea-coasts, becoming more addicted to riches, grew more constant to their dwellings; of whom, some, grown now rich, circumscribed and encompassed their cities with walls, and others by the influence of Minos built a navy, and by an active and noble diligence so secured commerce, that they rendered navigation free.

But it is most probable, that, Tyre being, in elder times, a city as eminent for its wealth and traffick, as it was for its strength, and magnificence, and enjoying with its bordering neighbours, the Phoenicians, a large extensive sea-coast, and many capacious havens, which had an aspect on the Mediterranean sea, found out at first the institution of shipping. From the Phoenicians and Tyrians, it was conducted down to the Egyptians. by whose industry and ingenuity, much was annexed to the advantage and perfection of it: For whereas the first vessels were framed out of the trunk of some large tree, made hollow by art, or else of divers boards, compacted into the fashion of a boat, and covered with the skins of beasts, the Phoenicians moulded them into a more elegant and convenient form, and secured them with greater additions of strength, whilst the Egyptians added, to the former structure, the supplement of decks. From the Egyptians, this art was transported to the Grecians; for when Danaus, king of Egypt, to decline the fury of his brother Rameses, made his approaches to Greece, he first instructed its inhabitants to sail in covered vessels,

called Naves, who before perfected their voyages over those nar. row seas, on beams and rafters fastened together, to whom they gave the appellation of Rates. Amongst the Grecians, those of Crete had the highest repute for the manage of navigation, which causeth Strabo to ascribe the invention of ships to Minos. In times subsequent to these, the Carthaginians, extracted from Tyre, grew most considerable in shipping, by the supply of which, they often disordered and distressed the affairs of the Romans: But the fury of a tempest, having separated a Quinqueremis, or galley of five banks of oars, from the residue of the Carthaginian navy, cast it on the coast of Italy; by a curious inspection into which, the Romans obtained the art of shipping; and, not long after, atchieved the dominion of the sea. That the Phoenicians and Greeks transmitted the knowledge of navigation to Spain and France, is without controversy, since Gades, in the first, was a colony of the Phoenicians, and Marseilles, in the last, a plantation of the Phocians. As for Belgium and Britain, they were, in ages of an elder inscription, very barren and indigent in shipping; for Cæsar, when he made his cruption on the last, found the circumambient seas so ill furnished, that he was forced, with the industrious assistance of his soldiery, to build and equip a navy of six-hundred and two and thirty vessels, to transport his army into Albion.

The Phoenicians having, as is above recited, invented open ves. sels, and the Egyptians ships with decks, the last of these inforced the art of navigation, by adding to it the invention of gallies, with two banks of oars upon a side; which sort of vessels, in process of time, did swell into that voluminous bulk, that Ptolemy Philo pater is said to have framed a galley of fifty banks. Ships of burthen, stiled Ciræra, intitle their invention to the Cypriots; cockboats or skifts (scapha) owe their first structure to the Illyrians or Liburnians; Brigantines (Celoces) confess theirs to have been the artifice of the Rhodians; frigates, or light barks (lembi) acknowledge their original unto the industry of the Cyrenians; the Phaselus and Pamphyli, ships instructed for war, were the invention of the Pamphylians, and the inhabitants of Phaselis, a town of Lycia in Asia minor. Vessels for transporting of horse, stiled Hippagines, are indebted, for their first institution, to the Salaminians. Grappling-hooks, for theirs, to Anacharsis. confess their first knowledge to have been from the Tuscans. The Tudder-helm, and art of steering, is ascribed to Typhis, principal pilot in Jason's eminent ship, called the Argoe, who, having observed that a kite, when she divided the air, steered her whole body and flight with her tail, perfected that in the designs of art, which he had discovered to have been effected by instinct in the works of nature. If we please to trace out the first inventors of tackle, we shall discover, that the primitive institution of the oar is attributed to the Baotians, and the original discovery and use of masts and sails ennoble the memory of Dædalus, and his son Icarus; the last of which, confiding too much in the dexterity of this invention, giving too large and spreading a sail to the bark ha

Anchors

was engaged in, over-set the vessel, and perished, and adopted the sea, in which he miscarried, into his own name.

But, though the supplement and addition of decks of ships intitles itself to the original artifice of the Egyptians, as is before recited; yet had they others of a more narrow dimension, both for use and transportation; for the Egyptians, anciently, (says Pliny, lib. xiii. Nat. Hist.) used to make boats of reeds and bulrushes; which assertion he again justifies in another place, Papyraceis navibus (says he) armamentisque Nili navigamus; and to these vessels Lucian alludes, lib. iv. Phars.

Sic cum tenet omnia Nilus,

Conseritur bibula memphitica cymba papyro.

Which fashion of boat Moses was engaged in, when Pharaoh's daughter rescued him from the danger of the river. The Prophet Isaiah records such utensils in that periphrasis of Egypt," Wo to the land shadowing with wings, that sends ambassadors by sea in bulrushes." Strabo sailed to Egypt in a small vessel made of wicker, as his own relation discovers to us, in the seventeenth of his Geography. Juvenal also makes mention of earthen boats in Egypt, used and employed also there to sail with; for, recording the deadly feud and superstitious conflicts, commenced between Ombos and Tentyra, in relation to their Gods, he speaks thus, Sat. xv.

Hac sævit rabie imbelle & inutile vulgus,
Parvula fictilibus solitum dare vela phaselis,
Et brevibus pictæ remis incumbere testæ.

The Britons had anciently their naves vitiles in Pliny's stile; the natives of Ireland call them Corroghs, and some Corracles; they were little vessels covered with leather, in their dimensions scarce exceeding the bulk of a basket; and these kind of boats, or baskets, were used by Julius Cæsar, to transport his army over the river Sicoris against Petreius, and other rivers elsewhere; and he had learned the making of them, it seems, from the Britons, when he was in this island, as himself attests in his first book De Bello Civili: Cujus generis, says he, cum superioribus usus Britanniæ docuerat. And, in a subsequent discourse, he describes them thus: Carina primum ac statumina ex levi materia fiebantur, reliquum corpus navium viminibus contextum integebatur. They have the like vessels on the river Euphrates, to transport commodities to Babylon; and their proportion is so conformable to these British ones (according to the pattern discovered to us by Herodotus) that a man would judge, that either the Britons extracted the description of these vessels from the Babylonians, or the Babylonians from them. For Herodotus, in Clio, that is, the first book of his History, affirms, that they had boats, made of osier or willows, of an orbicular form, and in the fashion of a buckler, without prow or poop, and covered over on the outside with the head of a bullock tanned. In these, besides their native commo

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