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A. Secretary Walker on the Public Lands, 1845. From Treasury
Report..
455
B. Ease of Acquisition of Public Lands in 1832. From American
Quarterly Review..
457
A. Land Speculation, 1840. By Richard Hildreth..
III. SPECULATION IN PUBLIC LANDS
B. A View of Western Speculation before the Civil War. By D. W.
Mitchell..
C. Early Land Speculation in Illinois, 1830-1840. By Thomas Ford
D. Land Speculation in Chicago in 1835. By Harriet Martineau. . . .
IV. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN AGRICULTURE COMPARED
Superiority of American Agriculture, 1833. By Patrick Shirreff .....
V. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND MACHINERY
458
459
461
462
464
Improvements before 1860. From Report of Commission of Agriculture 467
VI. VIEWS ON AGRICULTURE
A. Southern and Northern Agriculture Compared, 1840, 1850, 1860.
From Hunt's Merchants' Magazine.....
B. Agriculture about 1860. From Bacon's Handbook of America.
476
480
✓
CHAPTER XV
CURRENCY, BANKING, AND STATE DEBTS, 1791-1860
I. THE FIRST UNITED STATES BANK
A. Hamilton's Views on the Bank, 1790. By Alexander Hamilton.... 485
B. Public and Private Finances after the Dissolution of the Bank, 1812–
1815. By Richard Hildreth..
II. SECOND UNITED STATES BANK
A. Necessity of a United States Bank after the War of 1812. From
Legislative and Documentary History of the Bank of the United
States...
B. President Jackson's Veto of the Bank Bill in 1832. By Andrew
Jackson.....
III. THE PANIC OF 1837 AND ITS EFFECTS
490
493
496
A. President Van Buren on the Panic of 1837. By Martin Van Buren
B. Effects of the Panic on Banking, 1837-1839. By Richard Hildreth..
C. Arguments for an Independent Treasury and "Hard Money,"
499
501
1845. By Robert J. Walker.
503
IV. SYSTEMS OF BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1860
A. Early State Banking in the West 1821-1831. By Thomas Ford....
B. Banking in New York and Massachusetts, 1813-1860. By A. S.
Bolles.
C. Conditions of Banking in 1860. From Eighth Census..
V. CURRENCY AND COINAGE
507
508
512
516
A. Currencies and their Movements, 1852. By Ezra C. Seaman...
B. Early Coinage, 1791-1840. From Hunt's Merchants' Magazine.. 520
VI. STATE DEBTS
Amount and Character in 1852. From Report of Commissioner of
Patents...
522
CHAPTER XVI
POPULATION AND LABOR, 1820-1860
I. CONDITION OF THE AMERICAN LABORER
A. Prosperity of the American Laborer, 1836. By C. A. Murray..
B. Unfavorable View of American Labor, 1843. From Documentary
History of American Industrial Society.
524
525
II. IMPROVEMENT IN MANUFACTURES
Labor-saving Machinery and the Demand for Labor, 1832. From
American Quarterly Review.
528
III. THE FACTORY SYSTEM
A. Conditions at Waltham and Lynn, 1835. By Harriet Martineau...
B. Superiority of the Operatives, 1833. By Patrick Shirreff .
C. Home Life of the Mill Operatives, 1854. By C. R. Weld.
D. Hours of Labor, 1845. From Documentary History of American
Industrial Society..
529
531
532
534
B. The Owenites at New Harmony, 1830. By S. A. Ferrall.
539
C. Description of a Phalanx, 1849. From Documentary History of
American Industrial Society.
541
V. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE - NORTH AND SOUTH
The Views of an Englishman with Southern Tendencies, 1860. By
D. W. Mitchell..
542
VI. POPULATION
Distribution in 1860. From Eighth Census.
545
VII. IMMIGRATION
Extent and Character, 1820-1860. From Eighth Census..
550
CHAPTER XVII
SLAVERY AND THE SOUTH, 1823-1860
I. THE ECONOMICS OF SLAVE LABOR
A. A Philosophic View of Slave Labor, 1860. By J. E. Cairnes..
559
B. Cheapness of Slave Labor, 1852. By C. F. McCay..
D. Cheapness of Free Labor, 1823. By Adam Hodgson.
564
C. Radical View on the Efficiency of Slavery, 1860. By S. M. Wolfe 567
571
E. Heavy Expense of Slave Labor, 1839. By J. S. Buckingham.
574
F. Radical View on the Inefficiency of Slave Labor, 1860. By H. R.
Helper....
576
II. SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
An Unfavorable View, 1860. From Report of Commissioner of Patents 578
III. PLANTATION MANAGEMENT
A. Instructions of a Mississippi Planter to his Overseer, 1857. From
Documentary History of American Industrial Society
582
B. Management of Slaves on a Cotton Plantation, 1852. From De
Bow's Industrial Resources..
585
C. Description of a Southern Rice Plantation, 1839. By J. S. Buck-
ingham...
590
D. The System of Task Work, 1854. By F. L. Olmsted . .
592
IV. THE INTERNAL SLAVE TRADE
The Movement of Slaves toward the South, 1840-1860. By J. E.
Cairnes.
595
CHAPTER XVIII
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1860-1915
I. FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Extent and Character, 1878-1912. From Annual Report of Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
II. LAND TENURE IN THE UNITED STATES
598
A. Land Tenure in 1880. From Tenth Census....
601
B. Farm Tenancy in the South, 1902. From Report of the Industrial
Commission..
605
III. AGRICULTURE AND LABOR
A. Workers in Agriculture, 1850–1919. Adapted from Census Reports 608
B. Foreigners in American Agriculture, 1899. From Report of Indus-
trial Commission..
608
IV. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE
A. Land Values, Equipment, and Number of Farms, 1850–1900.
From Twelfth Census.
613
B. Importance of Irrigation, 1899. From Report of Industrial Com-
mission...
622
C. Dry Farming, 1905. From Yearbook of Department of Agriculture 624
V. SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE
Tenancy, Size of Farms and Character of Crops, 1850-1910. From
Thirteenth Census...
627
VI. FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY AND CROPS
A. General View, 1910. From Thirteenth Census..
629
B. Distribution of Leading Crops, 1909. From Thirteenth Census..
636
VII. THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
Extent and Character, 1898. From Yearbook of Department of
Agriculture....
640
CHAPTER XIX
COMMERCE, TRANSPORTATION, AND COMMUNICATION, 1860–1915
I. INTERNAL AND FOREIGN COMMERCE
A. Extent and Growth, 1850-1909. From Report of National Con-
servation Commission........
644
B. Character of the Internal Trade, 1899. From Report of Industrial
646
II. THE MERCHANT MARINE
A. American and Foreign Vessels in the Carrying Trade of the United
States, 1860-1910. From Report of the Commissioner of Naviga-
tion...
651
B. American Vessels Engaged in Commerce, 1860-1914.
Statistical Abstract..
From
652
C. President McKinley on the Merchant Marine, 1899. From Rich-
ardson's Messages and Papers of the Presidents. .
653
D. A Plea for Ship Subsidy, 1901. By Theodore Roosevelt.
654
III. COMMERCE ON THE GREAT LAKES
A. Interlake and Local Traffic, 1900. From Report of Industrial
Commission.
655
B. Recent Development, 1890-1909. From Report of National Con-
servation Commission.
657
IV. RAIL AND RIVER TRAFFIC
A. Growth of Railroad Systems to 1900. From Report of Industrial
B. Freight Rates, 1870-1900. From Report of Industrial Commission..
C. Decline of the Mississippi River Trade after 1860. By F. H. Dixon
D. The Future of Rail and Water Transportation. By James J. Hill
V. COMMUNICATION
A. Development of Telegraph and Telephone Systems, 1844-1907.
From Special Report of the Census..
B. The Postal System, 1911. From Report of Postmaster General.
659
662
667
675
680
682
CHAPTER XX
FINANCIAL HISTORY, MONEY AND BANKING, 1860-1915
I. FINANCING THE WAR
A. Extent and Character of Government Receipts and Expenditures,
1860. From Treasury Report..
B. Money Cost of the Civil War, 1869. By David A. Wells..
687
689
II. THE GREENBACKS
A. Quantity and Nature of the Greenback Issues, 1864. By William P.
Fessenden.
691
B. The Greenback Situation as seen by an Englishman, 1865. By
Goldwin Smith....
693
C. Fluctuations in the Value of Greenbacks, 1864-1878. From
Report of the Comptroller of the Currency..
D. Resumption of Specie Payments, 1879. By John Sherman..
III. THE NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM
A. Inadequacy of State Banking, 1863. By John Sherman...
B. Superiority of the National Banking System, 1868. From Bankers'
Magazine...
C. Development of Banking, 1879-1909. By George E. Barnett..
D. Expected Benefits of the Federal Reserve Act, 1914. By John
Skelton Williams..
700
704
707
709
IV. THE SILVER QUESTION
A. The "Crime of '73." By John P. Jones..
711
B. The Coinage Act of 1873 Defended. By John Sherman..
714
C. Operation of the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act, 1878-1889.
From Treasury Report...
717
D. Effect of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act on the Supply of Money,
1893. By John G. Carlisle....
719
E. A Plea for the Free Coinage of Silver, 1896. By W. J. Bryan...
722
V. THE MONETARY STOCK
A. The Trade Dollar, 1873-1878. From the Commercial and Financial
Chronicle...
725
B. Kinds and Amounts of Money in Circulation, 1860-1893. By
John G. Carlisle..
726
VI. PANICS AND CRISES
A. The Panic of 1873. By John Jay Knox
729
B. The Financial Crisis of 1884. By Henry W. Cannon. . .