one might hear several languages and dialects spoken by the country men and women who came in with their eggs, chickens, butter, and cheese. Philadelphia was the capital of the nation.

The houses were built of brick, with balconies or porches. The houses of the wealthy citizens were surrounded with gardens and orchards, where on calm summer evenings garden-parties were given to President Washington and the members of Congress, and gentlemen of Philadelphia, who carried gold-headed canes and gold snuffboxes, and wore

gold-laced cocked hats. serving them with cake

urns.

Negro servants in livery waited upon the guests, and coffee, in porcelain cups, drawn from silver

Many of the settlers of Pennsylvania were poor people who sold their services for four years to the Quaker farmers, to pay for their passage, food, and clothing. If they ran away and were caught, they were tied up to the whipping-post and flogged. If any kind-hearted friend concealed a runaway servant, he was brought before the justice of the peace and fined.

The farmers had excellent gardens, and raised

cabbages, squashes, onions, cucumbers, and in one corner their daughters sowed beds of thyme and roses and hollyhocks.

They kept bees, which buzzed among the flowers and filled their hives with honey. They had flocks of gabbling geese, ducks, and turkeys. They sat down to

bountiful tables. The country people were not very intelligent. There were a few private schools, where the children could learn to read and

write.

Old women who told fortunes drove a thrifty trade. The great pleasures of the farmers were to visit their friends and neighbors, or to invite them to their own houses. The Quaker farmers drank tea, and coffee, and cider; the Germans, beer; the Irish, whiskey. On market-days and at fairs there was hard drinking among the Scotch and Irish, and some of them went home at night with bewildered brains, blackened eyes, and broken heads.

In the Southern States there were three classes of people-the poor whites, the planters, and the negroes. Many of the first settlers of Virginia were sent out from England as apprentices. Some of them were beggars and vagabonds whom the police had hustled into jail in London; and the judges, that England might be rid of them, sent them to Virginia, where their services were sold to the planters. The descendants of the poor white people had a hard time. The planters treated them harshly, and the negroes looked down upon them; but many of them had pluck enough to fight their way up, and become honored and respected citizens. Yet a large portion had no ambition to rise. They were ignorant, for there

were no common schools in the Southern States. They lived in shanties, ploughed a patch of ground with a mule and cow harnessed together, or, if they had no cow, the husband harnessed his wife with the mule. They raised corn and sweet potatoes, and lean, long-nosed pigs, and lived on ham

and hominy. They smoked corn-cob pipes, and drank raw whiskey. Their chief pleasure was to go to a horse-race or to the county town on courtdays, and have wrestling-matches, or a fight in the market-places and gouge out each other's eyes. They hated work. The fact that the rich owned negro slaves made them all the more degraded. If they wanted food they helped themselves from the planter's corn-crib, or stole chickens and turkeys. If found out, they were compelled to stand in the pillory, sit in the stocks, or be tied up to the whipping-post. Very few of the

poor people in Virginia could read or write. Ignorance and crime go hand-in-hand, and whenever the judges held court the sheriff had a long line of men awaiting trial, who had stolen chickens or turkeys, or committed some other petty crime.

The great merchants of Virginia lived in Norfolk and Alexandria. They purchased the tobacco raised by the planters and shipped it to England, bringing back silks and satins, broadcloths and cassimeres, tea, coffee, hardware, tables, chairs, and bedsteads, for there were no manufactures in the Southern States.

At the country cross-roads were log stores, where the planters made their purchases of rum, sugar, and molasses. They owned wide reaches of land -woods and fields. They lived in great houses with wide halls, large

square rooms, piazza, and portico. There were few mechanics in Virginia, and there was no good carpenter or joiner work about the houses. There were massive beams overhead; the wainscoting was rude; the doors sagged; the whole establishment was a piece of patchwork. Near the planter's house, in rear, was the cook-house, with frying-pans and bakeoven. The first thing the planter did in the morning was to drink a glass of rum and sweetened water. After breakfast he rode over his plantation, to see if the negroes were at work. At noon he sat down to a dinner of boiled ham, mutton, and cabbage. One of his neighbors dined with him, or he was a guest at his neighbor's house. They talked politics, or the price of tobacco and negroes; for slaves were wanted in South Carolina. and Georgia, and it was beginning to be profitable to raise slaves for market. Very few of the planters had any books. They knew little of what was going on in the world. They loved hunting, and kept packs of hounds. It was glorious to dash through fields and pastures, leaping fences, with

the hounds baying and the horn of the huntsman sounding. When the hunt was over they sat down to grand dinners and drank mightily of port and Madeira wine, rum and brandy. The one who could drink most be