position--even legal proceedings being resorted to-from the high church party and from the low church evangelicals. Several bishops published an earnest remonstrance on the day of his consecration, December 21, 1869. He was Bampton lecturer at Oxford in 1884. His fifteen years of service in the see of Exeter so commended him that in January, 1885, he was transferred to the important and laborious bishopric of London. The whole character and career of the man warrant the expectation that in his present high office, while not indulging himself in any extremes of high or low church, he will be tolerant toward others in both directions, as were his predecessors Archbishops Tait and Benson.

The New Bishop of London. This great see, vacant by the translation of Dr. Temple to Canterbury, was speedily filled by the transfer to London of the Right Reverend Mandell Creighton, bishop of Peterborough. This appointment gives universal satisfaction alloyed only by the fact that the arduous labors of Dr. Creighton's new diocese may prevent his continuance of the historical work which has given him world-wide fame. He is a man of exceptional mental and physical vigor, of large learning, of great practical sagacity, of fine administrative power, and is notably tactful and impartial in his dealing with various schools of thought in the church. His breadth of sympathy is indicated by his presence as representing the English Church at the coronation of the czar in Moscow in May, 1896; by his fraternal address at the meeting of the Congregational Union at Leicester; and by his attendance at the 250th anniversary of Harvard University in 1886, as the representative of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Dr. Creighton had been commonly considered the most probable recipient of the nomination for the primacy.

CREIGHTON, MANDELL, was born in 1843. He studied at Durham Grammar School; took his degree at Merton College, Oxford, 1863; was elected fellow of Merton; and remained seven years as tutor of his college, being ordained deacon in 1870 and priest in 1873; was rector at Embledon, Northumberland, 1875-84. In 1884 he was elected professor of ecclesiastical history in the University of Cambridge; and in 1885 was appointed, by the crown, canon residentiary of Worcester cathedral. He has frequently been public examiner and select preacher at Oxford and Cambridge. In 1891 he was consecrated bishop of Peterborough. In 1893 he was elected Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge. Among his numerous historical works are: Primer of Roman History (1875); The Age of Elizabeth (1876); Life of Simon de Montfort (1877); Primer of English History (1877); Cardinal Wolsey (1888); Carlyle-in Historic Town series (1889). His principal work is History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation (6 vols., 1882, '87, '94). He was founder (1886) and first editor of the English Historical Review.

The New Bishop of Peterborough.-The see va

cated by Dr. Creighton was filled in November by the appointment of the Reverend Edward Carr Glyn.

He was born in 1843, third son of Lord Wolverton. He was educated at Harrow School and at University College, London; was vicar of Beverley 1872-75, of Doncaster 1875-78, and afterward of Kensington. Since 1881 he has been a chaplain to the queen. He married in 1882 a daughter of the Duke of Argyll. As parish clergyman he has been active in various forms of religious and social effort. He is not regarded as a party man, though considered as inclining to the neo-evangelical" position.

Municipal Ownership of Public Works.-Experience in some foreign cities presents this as a question for cities in the United States. Since our cities furnish water, and our government operates the postal service, with no fear of state socialism, it is not easy to justify the theoretical opposition to extention of municipal ownership in other departments.

In Glasgow (population about 700,000) the city recently became owner of its tramway lines, fixing fares from one cent to four cents according to distance. At the end of eleven months, June 1, 1895, the roads had made a good profit. The passengers carried were 57,046,640, at fares averaging less than two cents-thirty-nine per cent of fares being only one cent. The second year, to June 1, 1896, the city's net profit above expenses of every kind was more than $200,000. Beginning with January 1, 1897, the city levies no taxes on its citizens.

In Paris, the omnibus lines since 1860, and in recent years the tramway companies, have been granted franchises which terminate and must be renewed after a stated number of years (usually thirty years). The omnibus lines pay the city about $400 a year for every vehicle: tramways are under a similar arrangement. The city has found this system very lucrative. Its street passenger franchises now yield it about $400,000 annually.

Many cities in Great Britain are administering a system like that in Glasgow. A preliminary requisite to success is a pure municipal government. For honest rule we ought to be willing to pay heavily if necessary; but if it will pay us heavily instead, it may seem folly not to secure it.

The Castle Case.-An extremely painful and pathetic case is that of Mr. and Mrs. Walter M. Castle, wellknown and wealthy residents of San Francisco, Cal., who on October 7 were arrested for shoplifting in various shops in London. A great variety of stolen articles were found in their lodgings at the Hotel Cecil, including

eighteen tortoise-shell combs, seven gold watches, seventeen fans, and sixteen brooches. On October 13 they were held in $40,000 bail for trial. The trial on November 6 resulted in the immediate discharge of Mr. Castle, against whom no evidence was presented. Mrs. Castle was found guilty and sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Abundant evidence from medical men of the highest standing showed that

Mrs. Castle was suffering under a disease which rendered her utterly irresponsible for her actions. Though this was fully recognized in court, acquittal was impossible under English law since 1883-the theft being clear. The sentence, however, was understood to be merely formal to meet the demands of law, while it was hoped that the home office would grant a release. Mrs. Castle was committed to the Holloway jail, and was placed in the hospital in charge of a trained nurse. On November 9 the home secretary ordered her

HERBERT SPENCER, ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER.

discharge, and that she be placed in her husband's care. A multitude of sympathizers, friends and strangers, American and English, offered all possible help to the sufferers in this painful case.

Dr. Jameson's Release.-The Transvaal raider was released from Holloway jail on December 2, on account of the state of his health. He was taken to a private sanatorium, where he is reported to be gaining strength.

The Dynamite Conspirators.-The French government was reported on October 13 to have refused to grant to Great Britain the extradition of Patrick J. Tynan, the alleged "dynamitard" whom the British police declare to be the notorious "Number One" (p. 673). The grounds

of refusal were said to be: (1) insufficiency of evidence of his identity with "Number One;" (2) lack of proof that that he was concerned in the Phoenix park murders; (3) the fact that the case was covered by prescription. Tynan's release from prison at Boulogne-sur-Mer was reported on October 15.

Kearney and Haines, under arrest at Rotterdam on charges by the British police that they were concerned in a great dynamite plot, were conducted to the frontier and expelled from the country early in October.

Edward J. Ivory, alias Edward Bell, the alleged IrishAmerican dynamitard (p. 674), was put under examination in Glasgow, November 13. A witness who proved to be a British government spy sent in 1891 to learn the secrets of the Irish revolutionists in America, testified that as a spy he had joined the Shamrock Club in New York, and by 1895 had been elected its secretary and had become acquainted with its hidden plans. He identified Ivory or Bell as one of its active members. The report of his testimony, however, shows no reference to dynamite. Ivory was then committed for trial.

Earthquake in England. The midlands and south of England with Wales were shaken by two shocks of earthquake at 3 A. M. and 5:30 A. M. on December 17. More than 200 towns and villages felt the tremor and heard loud rumblings. Many people rushed from their houses in fright. No serious damage was done. Hereford cathedral was somewhat damaged.

Herbert Spencer's Works.-The series of Herbert Spencer's works which he began thirty-six years ago, was completed by the publication on November 14 of the third volume of the Principles of Sociology.

The ten volumes of this synthetic philosophy comprise a volume of First Principles, two volumes of Biology, two of Psychology, three of Sociology, and two of Ethics-the aim being to show in detail the unity of all knowledge, connecting all separate sciences under the same general laws.

This vast and monumental work in its earliest stage undeniably quickened the world's scientific thought with a new and luminous conception. In latter years the signs are that the world's thought of science has broadened to include other fields. Still holding with Spencer to the unity of all knowledge, and including man as a fact in nature, the world's thought now insists that "natural" science must not omit from its scheme any part of man's

nature. The growing conviction in recent years is that man's key to the final science of the universe is not matter; nor, for the last and inmost lock, is it force: the key is man himself with his characteristic consciousness of a spiritual and moral personality which mirrors the infinite and the eternal.

Finale of Downing Street.-One of the most famous streets in the world is soon to cease to exist, a victim to modern improvements. Many great statesmen have had their London residences in it, and many others their official quarters. For more than a century the British war and foreign offices have been in this little thoroughfare, and "Downing Street" has been a familiar term for the foreign policy of the British empire.

Miscellaneous.-The Guildhall dinner on November 9, notable for Lord Salisbury's speech announcing the Venezuela settlement (p. 809), had for its chief object the celebration of the installation of Mr. George Faudel Phillips, a Jew, as lord mayor of London, the only lord mayor whose father also had been lord mayor of that city.

Mr. Bayard, United States ambassador to England, in December, courteously requested the discontinuance of the popular subscription started by the London Daily Telegraph for a token of the English people's respect and esteem for him. The reason which he assigned was that such a proceeding is not in accord with diplomatic usage.

In the last of November the Prince and Princess of Wales, with Princess Victoria and Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, were guests of the young Duke and Duchess of Marlborough for four days at the famous palace of Blenheim. Enthusiastic crowds greeted the royal guests at the station at Woodstock; and the days were filled with a splendid series of entertainments, concerts, receptions, and shooting parties. The evenings were resplendent with fireworks and illuminations.

LABOR INTERESTS.

The Hamburg Dock Strike.-A strike of more than usual interest, on account of its being the first organized attempt on the part of labor leaders to employ the resources of international combination, was begun November 23 by the longshoremen, or dock laborers, at Hamburg, Germany. It quickly spread to Bremen, Altona, Bremerhaven, and other seaports, until it involved about 16,000 men and seriously interfered with the commerce of the country. At the end of the year, however, it showed signs of weakening.