the county of Cornwall, the Scilly islands, and five parishes of Devonshire. Dr. Benson organized the new diocese, founded many mission chapels, attracted many able young men about him, and collected great sums of money for the building of a new cathedral at Truro.

In 1882 Dr. Benson was appointed, on Mr. Gladstone's recommendation, archbishop of Canterbury, to succeed Dr. Tait. He came at a critical time in the history of the English Established Church to succeed a man, a broad churchman, whose rule of life was moderation, scrupulous fairness, and peace. He himself was reckoned among the high churchmen; but he never forgot that he was archbishop of the laity even more than of the clergy. He was of much breadth and catholicity of view; and one of his earliest acts as archbishop, the greeting of the Jesuit teachers and missionary pupils expelled from France and living near Canterbury, was favorably commented upon by many religious thinkers in England at the time.

He published a number of religious works and collections of sermons. Among them is a memorial sermon preached after the death of Dr. Lee, first bishop of Manchester; Work, Friendship, Worship, three sermons preached before the University of Cambridge (1871); Boy-Life: Its Trials, Its Strength, Its Fulness; Sundays in Wellington College, 1859-72; Singleheart; The Cathedral: Its Necessary Place in the Life and Work of the Church; The Seven Gifts, Christ and His Times; Living Theology; and Fishers of Men. Dr. Benson in 1859 married Miss Mary Sidgwick, daughter of the Rev. William Sidgwick, of Skipton, Yorkshire. His son has obtained some prominence as a novelist, being the author of Dodo (Vol. 3, p. 858), The Rubicon (Vol. 4, p. 470), and The Judgment Books (Vol. 5, p. 503). For portrait of Dr. Benson, see page 915.

BLIND, MATHILDE, English woman of letters; born in 1847, stepdaughter of Karl Blind; died in London Nov. 27. In 1883 Miss Blind opened the Eminent Women Series with her Life of George Eliot, the first connected narrative of the career of the great novelist. Madame Roland, with its condensed survey of the French Revolution for a background, was published in 1886. In 1885, Tarantella, a romantic novel, appeared. Miss Blind, who was primarily a poet, issued The Prophecy of St. Oran, and Other Poems, in 1881; and in 1886 The Heather on Fire. The Ascent of Man, her chief work, appeared in 1889; and Dramas in Miniature, in 1892. Miss Blind first drew public attention in England to Marie Bashkirtseff, and published the Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff, in 1890. She contributed to The Fortnightly Review for May, 1891, her Personal Recollections of Mazzini. In 1893 appeared Songs and Sonnets. Miss Blind was one of the originators of women's clubs.

BOIS-REYMOND, ÉMILE DU, distinguished German physiologist; born in Berlin in 1818; died there Dec. 26. He began studying theology, but abandoned this for natural science. After a sojourn at Bonn he returned to Berlin, and studied anatomy and physiology under Jean Müller, and on his advice undertook his researches in animal electricity, on which subject he published several works. 1868 he replaced his master as professor of physiology at the University of Berlin; and was named, in 1867, perpetual secretary of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.

In

BROOME, SIR FREDERICK NAPIER, K. C. M. G., English diplomatic officer; born in Canada in 1842; died Nov. 26. He was a prominent contributor to the London Times and other publications;

in 1875 was made colonial secretary to Natal, and in 1877 the same to the island of Mauritius. He was appointed lieutenant-governor of the latter colony in 1880, and was governor of Western Australia in 1882. In 1891 he was appointed governor of Trinidad.

BROWN, SIR JOHN, one of the first in Great Britain to advocate armor-plating of warships; died in Brighton, Eng., Dec. 26. He was mayor of Sheffield 1862-3, and master cutler there 1865-6.

BÜCHNER, PROFESSOR ALEXANDER, historian; born in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1834; died at Jena, Germany, early in December. He was for a time professor of history at the Imperial School of Law in St. Petersburg. He was of German tendencies, and "received leave" to reside abroad.

CAMPANINI, ITALO, famous tenor singer; born at Parma, Italy, in 1846; died Nov. 23. He fought under Garibaldi. He was edu cated at the Parma Conservatory of Music and under the Chevalier Lamperti at Madrid. Made his first great success in Faust at the Scala in Milan. His last appearance in opera was in Faust, at the Metropolitan opera house, New York city, in Feb., 1894.

CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, M., French statesman and diplomat; born at Avranches May 19, 1827; died in Paris Oct. 26. Was graduated at the École Normale in 1849, and was for a time professor of philosophy at Pau and at Limoges. In 1851 he was imprisoned and in 1852 exiled for his republicanism. In 1856 became professor of French literature at Zurich, Switzerland. Returning to Paris in 1859, after the amnesty, he was connected with the Temps, Revue Nationale, Revue des Deux Mondes, and other periodicals. Became prefect of the Rhône in 1870; then commissioner of the republic. In 1872 entered the assembly as a member of the extreme left; in 1876 was elected senator from the Bouches-du-Rhône; in 1879 became ambassador to Switzerland; and in 1880, to London, where his experience was not a happy one owing to his imperious ways. In 1882 he became foreign minister in Jules Ferry's cabinet, but resigned in 1883 to the relief of the entire diplomatic corps. Re-entered the senate in 1885; became its president in 1893, succeeding M. Ferry (Vol. 3, p. 140); and retained this post until early in 1896. In 1893 he succeeded to the chair of Ernest Renan in the French Academy.

CHEESEMAN, JOSEPH JAMES, president of Liberia; born in Edina, Liberia, Mar. 7, 1843; died Nov. 11. His parents were among the early founders of Liberia, sent out by the American Colonization Society. He became a wealthy merchant. In 1868 was ordained pastor of the First Baptist church in Edina, which post he filled until elected president of the republic in 1891; he was president of the Liberian Baptist Association, superintendent of missions under an appointment of the Southern Baptist Missionary Convention of the United States, and president of the Liberia Baptist Missionary Convention. When a young man he served in the militia of the republic, and held the position of adjutant of the 2d regiment; he was clerk of the county court, collector of customs of the port of Grand Bassa, mayor of Edina, member of the Liberian house of representatives, and judge of the superior court of Grand Bassa county. On May 5, 1891, he was elected president of the republic for a term of two years, and had been twice re-elected.

DU MAURIER, GEORGE, see MAURIER, GEORGE DU.

ENGEL, ERNEST, since 1860 director of the German bureau of statistics; died at Lössnitz Dec. 8, aged 75

GREATHEAD, JAMES H., civil engineer; born in England; died at Streatham, Eng., Oct. 21. He was known in America principally as the originator of a system of underground tunnelling which he successfully applied in an electric underground railroad in London. The Greathead system consists in forcing an iron or steel cylinder or shield underground, which forms the body of the tunnel. In sand and water formations the tunnel is made water-tight by "grouting" the outside by forcing cement under great pressure from the inside to form a jacket around the outside of the cylinder. Mr. Greathead's "water shovel" is also an important addition to engineering devices, consisting of a stream of water under pressure to loosen soil, with a pump to carry off the semi-liquid material resulting, operated from within an advancing shield.

Nov. 17.

HOHENLOHE, CARDINAL, brother of the German chancellor; born at Rothenburg, Bavaria, in 1823, died in Rome, Italy, Oct. 30. He was ordained priest in 1849, and became a cardinal in 1866. After the Vatican Council he retired to Germany, but he did not openly oppose the decrees of the council. In 1876 he returned to Rome, and was made bishop of Albano in 1879, but resigned the see in 1884. He was favorably disposed towards the kingdom of Italy.

HORNBY, SIR EDMUND, an English authority on international law and the principle of arbitration; died at Rapallo, Italy,

JOLIBOIS, EUGÈNE, well known Bonapartist; born at Amiens, France, June 4, 1819; died Dec. 21. He was an officer of the Legion of Honor, and one of the chief advisers of Prince Victor.

MAURIER, GEORGE DU, artist and author; for biographical sketch and obituary see pp. 769-780.

MILNE, SIR ALEXANDER, K. C. B., F. R. S. E., admiral of the British navy; born in 1806; died Dec. 29. First entered the navy in 1817 and rose to the rank of captain in 1839; was flag captain 1842-7; in 1847 became a junior lord of the admiralty, serving until 1858 and superintending the great store victualling and transsport departments during the war in the Crimea, being made a K. C. B. in 1855. He was senior naval lord 1866-8 and 1872-5, when he retired, being created a baronet. In 1860 he was made temporary vice-admiral in command of the North American and West Indian squadrons; and his visit to New York in 1863 was the first official visit of a British admiral to an American port since the war of 1812.

MORRIS, WILLIAM, great English poet, artist, and socialist; born at Walthamstow, Essex, Eng., Mar. 24, 1834; died in London Oct. 3. He was the eldest son of a merchant who died in 1844, leaving his family in good financial circumstances. Young Morris was educated at Marlborough and at Exeter College, Oxford. He studied painting, but did not succeed as an artist. He also turned his attention to the study of architecture. His first appearance in literature was in 1858. when he published a volume entitled The Defence of Guenevere, and other poems. With several partners, among whom were D. G.

Rosetti, Ford Madox Brown, and E. Burne-Jones, he started in London in 1863 an establishment for the artistic designing and manufacture of various articles, especially wall paper, stained glass, wooden goods, and household decorations. At this business Mr. Morris worked as a designer continuously until a short time before his death. He devoted his spare time to literary work. In 1867 he published The Life and Death of Jason, a narrative poem; The Earthly Paradise (1868-70). The latter is made up of twenty-four legendary and romantic tales in verse, recited by a company of travellers from Norway, who had sailed

westward to find the earthly paradise.

He also published Love is Enough, or, The Freeing of Pharamond (1873). His later publications were: The Eneid of Virgil Done Into English Verse (1876); and The Story of Sigurd, the Volsung, and the Full of the Niblungs, a poem in fourteen books (1877). In collaboration with Eirikr Magnússon, he translated several works from the Icelandic; The Story of Grettir, the Strong (1869); The Story of the Volsungs and the Niblungs (1870); and Three Northern Love Stories (1875).

Hopes and Fears for Art-five lectures delivered in Birmingham, London, and Nottingham, 1878-81, appeared in 1882. A translation of the Odyssey was published in 1887; A Dream of John Ball in 1888; Signs of Change, a collec

tion of socialistic lectures, in the same year; The House of the Wolfings in 1889; and The Roofs of the Mountains in 1890. The last two are romances written in mingled verse and prose. In 1890 he published The Glittering Plain; in 1891 News From Nowhere; in 1892 Poems by the Way; and in 1893, with Belfort Box, Socialism: Its Growth and Outcome. In 1894 The Wood Beyond the World appeared; and in 1896 The Well at the World's End, his last

romance.

In his latter years Morris was an avowed socialist. Although a wealthy man, at the head of a great factory employing many hands, he denounced capitalism and private property as monstrous iniquities. He was associated with a coterie of socialists in London, which included Walter Crane, Burne-Jones, and others; and they were active in promoting socialistic organizations. He had lately busied himself with printing, and issued from the Kelmscott Press a series of beautiful reprints of old works. The name of the press came from

the owner's country seat, Kelmscott Manor. The name was also given to Mr. Morris's town house, in Hammersmith, on the bank of the Thames.

Mr. Morris was brusque in manner, but kind, generous, and largehearted. He was a man of burly figure, and usually dressed in blue serge, which gave him somewhat the appearance of a bluff sea captain. He was full of nervous energy, to which, when engaged in a discussion, he used to give vent by striding up and down his long room and waving his arms to add emphasis to his speech. This room was a wonder in itself, filled as it was with all the art treasures that money could procure and good taste could suggest. He lived in a big, red, old-fashioned house in the Mall, Hammersmith, overlooking the Thames, with an old-fashioned garden around it, full of roses in summertime. In this house on Sunday evenings he would have frequent socialist meetings. Mr. Morris was mentioned for the poet laureateship after Lord Tennyson's death, but his political views made his selection for that post impossible.

COVENTRY PATMORE,

ENGLISH POET.

All the English papers unite in speaking of Mr. Morris in most gracious terms. Says the London Times:

"A poet,and one of our half dozen best poets, even when Tennyson and Browning were alive; an artist whose influence is visible almost everywhere; a craftsman who devoted himself, in a commercial age, to the union of arts and crafts, it may be said of him, with little or no exaggeration, that he adorned all that he touched. * *

Enlarging on whatever Mr. Ruskin has said of the nobility of honest work. Morris held not only that executive handicraft was within the province of an artist, but that all crafts demanded artistic treatment. There can be no doubt of the hopefulness with which Morris taught and followed his opinions. If they led him, as they have led other generous men, towards socialism, the world can afford to judge him indulgently, as not apprehending much danger from his rhetoric. The unpractical extremes to which his opinions tended are only the results of a warm heart and a mistaken enthusiasm. It is to be feared that his ideals and aspirations for art will never approach realization. Our national nature, and the inevitable laws of economy, will not yield to persuasion, or promises, or dreams."

The following observations on the work and influence of Mr. Morris, present a clear statement of the guiding principle of his life, as well as a seemingly fair estimate of the effects that are traceable to his influence:

"Morris was a socialist in the sense in which Ruskin was one. He believed that the condition of the world would be greatly improved if the masses were fused with the classes and influenced by a love of the beautiful in art and by a greater degree of material comfort in daily life than is now shared. Convinced that so long as there was individual ownership of land and capital there must be antagonism between a superior and an inferior class, he accepted the socialist generalization that all the means of production must be nationalized, and every one enabled to claim useful employment and compelled to render service to the community. *

**

"A socialist of the Ruskin type he remained until the end of his days, but experience taught him that the professional agitators with whom he had been associated were incapable of creating a new social order or of leading a revolution. His march to Trafalgar Square in 1887 was his last active service with the proletariat. He did not retreat from the socialist ground which he had occupied for years; but he changed his tactics, abandoned propagandist work in the streets, and restricted his activities to the Hammersmith Society, which met at his own house. * *

"What remains true of this craftsman of genius, is that while he dreamed