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Egypt during the period from 1883 to 1914 came so largely under the administrative control of Great Britain as to approximate to the status of an administered province, although nominally it remained a vassal state of Turkey.

During the period from 1899 to 1902, when the United States remained in military occupation of Cuba pending the organization of a stable national government, the administration of the island bore a resemblance to that of an administered province, the United States acting as trustee for the future Cuban state whose existence it had guaranteed. At the present time Haiti and the Dominican Republic, although sovereign States in other respects, are being substantially administered by the United States.

AUTONOMOUS COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES.

An autonomous colony, although not possessing international personality in consequence of the fact that its legal existence at international law is entirely bound up with that of the mother country, bears in other respects so many resemblances to that of the protected State that it has been deemed useful to include in the present monograph types of such forms of government considered from the point of view of the extent of their control over their domestic affairs. Broad as the powers granted by a country to its colonies may be, however, the colony remains, from the point of view of international law, an integral part of the mother State and necessarily shares the status of the mother country, whether as neutral or belligerent, in time of war. It is not impossible for the mother State to permit its colonies to have direct international dealings with other States; but, in such cases, the mother State must continue to hold itself internationally responsible for their substance or observance. The selfgoverning "dominions" of Great Britain furnish the best illustrations of autonomous colonial government, but other less fully autonomous colonies of Great Britain are included in this study by way of comparison. For the same reason the reorganization of the Porto Rican Government, under the act of 1917, is included, although it marks a step toward the inclusion of that dependency within the Federal Government of the United States. On the other hand the act of 1916 providing for the reorganization of the Government of the Philippine Islands, provides a more autonomous government for that dependency with the object of preparing the islands for ultimate independence. British India presents a more difficult problem. Under its present form of government British India is neither autonomous nor self-governing, for, while the British Parliament rarely legislates directly for India, the administration of India is entirely within British control, and the delegation of power entrusted to the

governor general in council is the result of a unilateral act on the part of Great Britain. The interest of British India in connection with the present report arises from the fact that the British Government has now before it a Report on Constitutional Government for India, which presents a comprehensive scheme of reforms in the direction of "the progressive realization of responsible government." Should this report be adopted by Parliament, British India would at once assume a unique and most instructive position among the autonomous colonies and dependencies of the Great Powers.

MEMBERS OF FEDERAL UNION AND OF CONFEDERACY.

Whatever resemblances the members of a Federal union or of a confederacy may bear as individual States to the protected State of international law in respect to the extent of autonomy retained by them within the union, their legal relation to the group of States as a whole is so entirely different from that of the protected State to its protector that it is sufficient to enumerate the differences to exclude them from consideration as States of restricted sovereignty. In the first place the position of the members of a Federal union or of a confederacy is not that of dependents upon a stronger State but that of equals cooperating in the formation of a composite State which acts as a unit within a definite sphere. In the case of the Federal union it is essential that there should exist a central organ for international intercourse and the conduct of international relations. With this exception it is feasible for the Federal State to utilize the Governments of the member States for executing its own functions, as is largely done in the German Empire, or to establish a complete Government of its own, as is the case in the United States. Moreover, it is compatible with the nature of a Federal State that the powers of the central Government should be enumerated and the residual powers be retained by the member States, or vice versa. From the point of view of international law the Federal State has a status not different from that of the unitary State, in that it is responsible for the acts of the constituent States and of their peoples. In cases where the member States of a Federal union have been permitted to enter into direct international relations with foreign powers, the correct principle would seem to be in such cases that the ultimate international responsibility rests upon the central Government.

The confederacy differs from the Federal union in that the members remain sovereign States and are united not by law but an instrument in the nature of a treaty or other international agreement. The central Government has no other status, therefore, than as the common agent of the confederated States. The extent to which the central Government may be looked to to satisfy the international obliga

tions of the member States will depend upon the terms of the treaty between them, which in most cases provides for a unified control of the foreign relations of the member States.

One form of confederacy is known as the "real union," which exists when two or more severally sovereign States have the same monarch and for international purposes appear as one State. Austria-Hungary has been the conspicuous example of recent years.

B. TERRITORIES ALPHABETICALLY TREATED.

ABYSSINIA.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Protected independent State.

1889, May 2.-Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Italy and Abyssinia.

Interpreted by Italy as virtually establishing a protectorate, but this interpretation resisted by Abyssinia.

[Martens, N. R. G. 2 S, XVIII, 697.]

1896, October 26.-Convention of Adis Ababa.

Italy recognized the independence of Abyssinia.

1906, December 13.-Treaty between Great Britain, France, and Italy.

Agreement to respect and protect the integrity of Abyssinia, to provide for the adjustment of concessions and trade relations, to abstain from intervention in Abyssinian affairs, and to act in concert for the safeguarding of the respective interests of the contracting powers in the territories bordering on Abyssinia.

[Martens, N. R. G., XXXV 2d S, p. 556; Albin, P., Les grands traités politiques, p. 408; British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. XCIX, p. 486.]

2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED.

Powers of Government.

Conditions of intervention.

Article III, treaty of 1906, reads: "If rivalries or internal changes take place in Abyssinia the representatives of France, Great Britain, and Italy will observe an attitude of neutrality, refraining from any intervention in the affairs of the country and limiting themselves to taking such action as shall be agreed upon in common as necessary for the protection of their legations, of the lives and property of foreigners, and of the common interests of the

three powers. In no case will any of the three Governments intervene in any manner or to any degree, except after having come to an understanding with the others." Art. IV. "In case events shall arise to disturb the status quo contemplated in Art. I, France, Great Britain, and Italy will make every effort to maintain the integrity of Abyssinia."

Then follow provisions for the protection of the territories of the respective powers adjoining Abyssinia. Concessions to foreign powers.

Art. II. "When requests are made for agricultural, commercial, or industrial concessions in Abyssinia the three powers will give instructions to their representatives to take such action that the concessions granted in the interests of any one of the three States shall not be detrimental to the interests of the two others."

Railway construction.

Articles V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX provide for the assignment to the signatory powers of respective spheres of control over the construction of railway systems, and provide for equality of treatment in matters of commerce and transit for the nationals of the three countries, to be later extended to the nationals of other countries.

AFGHANISTAN.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Dependent State, under the protection of Great Britain. 1879, May 26.-Peace of Gandamak. Afghanistan became, in effect, a protectorate of Great Britain.

2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED.

1879, May 26.-Peace of Gandamak. Afghanistan became in effect a protectorate of Great Britain.

In 1893 the Amir agreed that Chitral, Bajaur, and Swat should be included within the British sphere of political influence. In 1880 the Amir agreed to leave the control of his foreign relations to the British Government, who, on their part, undertook not to interfere with the internal government of Afghanistan, and, in the case of unprovoked foreign aggression on Afghan dominions, to aid the Amir in such manner as to them might seem necessary, provided he unreservedly followed their advice in regard to his external relations. In 1893 this position was confirmed, and in a formal treaty of March 21, 1905, the Amir accepted unreservedly the foregoing engagements. In the Anglo-Russian agreement of August 31, 1907,

Great Britain undertakes neither to annex nor occupy any por-' tion of Afghanistan nor to interfere in the internal administration of the country, provided the Amir fulfills his engagements toward the British Government. The Russian Government declares that Afghanistan is outside the sphere of Russian influence and engage that their political relations with Afghanistan shall be conducted through the British Government. It is provided that the principle of equality of commercial opportunity shall be observed.

[Aitchinson, Sir Charles. A Collection of Treaties, etc. 11
volumes. Calcutta, 1892.

Treaty between the British Government and the Amir of
Afghanistan, dated March 21, 1905. London, 1905.]

ALBANIA (1912-1914).

INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Protected independent State.

Albania is composed of the former Turkish Provinces of Scutari and Yanina, with parts of the vilayets of Kossovo and Monastir.

1912, November 28.-Proclamation of Albanian independence at Valona. Provisional government formed under Ismail Kemal Bey; a senate was also established and a national militia. 1912, December 20.--The London Ambassadorial Conference agreed to the principle of Albanian autonomy. In the following year the London Ambassadorial Conference determined the frontiers of the new country and agreed that it should be ruled by a European prince. In July of the same year (1913) the London conference vested the government of Albania in the hands of Prince William of Wied, who was to be supported and advised by an international commission of control. Upon the outbreak of the war in August, 1914, Prince William and the members of the international commission of control left Albania, and the country fell into a state of anarchy, finally being overrun by Austria.

ANDORRA.

INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Protected independent State.

The Republic of Andorra is under the joint suzerainty of France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel, whose control dates back to the year 1278. It is governed by a council of 24 elected members. France and the Bishop of Urgel appoint each a magis

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