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until 1912, when the Cretan deputies were admitted into the Greek Parliament at Athens, and after the declaration of war against Turkey the annexation to the kingdom became an accomplished fact. The treaty of peace between Greece and Turkey, November 1, 1913, formally handed over the island to Greece, and the annexation was recognized by the powers in December, 1913.

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

The following is the text of the organic statute adopted by the ambassadors of the Powers at Constantinople on December 18, 1897, and ratified by the Powers in April, 1898.

Article I. The Island of Crete having been declared neutral will enjoy an autonomous Government while continuing to be part of the Ottoman Empire.

Art. II. The executive power will be exercised by a Christian governor general, nominated for five years by His Majesty the Sultan, with the consent of the powers.

Art. III. The legislative power will be exercised by a national assembly, elected and constituted in such a way as to guarantee the representation and the interests of the Mohammedan minority. The laws will come into force upon receiving the sanction of the governor general.

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Art. IV. The right of levying direct and indirect taxes will
belong to the island. An annual tribute will be paid to the
Imperial Turkish Treasury beginning
Art. V. The governor general will have charge of the armed
forces of the island. The Turkish troops, concentrated at
certain points on the island, will be reduced in proportion to
the guarantees successively accorded to the Mohammedans,
both for their personal security and their property, and to
the extent that these guarantees receive effective recognition
by the great powers.

Art. VI. The guarantees to be given to the Mohammedans will
comprise :

1. The restoration of the Mohammedans of the island to their property.

2. The adoption with respect to them of protective measures against acts of violence.

4. Provisions of a nature to assure on the part of legislative, administrative, and judicial officials the impartiality necessary to the protection of the rights and property of all the Cretans.

[France-Documents Diplomatiques-Autonomie Crétoise, 1898, p. 51.]

CUBA.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Protected independent State.
Treaties and other official texts:

1898, April 20.-Joint resolution of the United States Con-
gress recognizing the independence of Cuba and demand-
ing that the Spanish Government relinquish its authority
over the island.

1898, December 10.-Treaty of Paris between United States and Spain.

Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over Cuba. United States assumes obligations attached to occupation.

[Malloy, Treaties, etc., between the United States and other powers, II, p. 1690.]

1901, March 2.-Act of Congress authorizing the President to leave the government and control of Cuba to its people upon acceptance of certain conditions (embodied in the "Platt amendment ") limiting the external and internal sovereignty of Cuba.

June 12, 1901.-Conditions accepted by constitutional convention of Cuba in the form of an appendix to the constitution of February 21, 1901.

May 20, 1902.-Control of island formally transferred by the United States to the new Cuban Government. 1903, May 22.-Treaty between the United States and Cuba incorporating the conditions laid down in the Platt amend

ment.

[Malloy, Treaties, etc., between United States and other powers, I, p. 362.]

2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED.

a. Organization of Government.

The organization of the Government of Cuba is entirely within the control of the Cuban people, except in so far as the treaty of 1903, under Article III, gives the United States the right to intervene in Cuba for "the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty." This right was exercised by the United States in 1906, when an insurrection broke out in Cuba, and a provisional government under a commission took control of the island until 1909.

b. Powers of Government. Fiscal limitations.

Article II, treaty of 1903, provided that:

"The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt, to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of government, shall be inadequate."

Sanitary administration.

Article V provides that:

"The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.”

Trade relations.

Voluntarily entered into by Cuba and not called for by the
Platt amendment.

1902, December 11.-Commercial convention between
the United States and Cuba.

Provides for a "free list" of certain articles from the respective countries.

Provides for a reduction of 20 per cent on certain other articles from Cuba.

Provides for a reduction of 20 per cent, 25 per cent, 30 per cent, and 40 per cent on certain articles from the United States.

[Malloy, Treaties, etc., between the United States and other powers, I, p. 353.]

Concessions to the United States.

Lease of coaling or naval stations.

Section VII of the Platt amendment provides that "to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified

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points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States."

Lease effected of land in Guantanamo and in Bahia Honda under agreements of February 23, 1903, and July 2, 1903.

[Malloy, Treaties, etc., I, pp. 358-360.] Treaty-making competency.

Limited only by Article I, treaty of 1903, which provides: "The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island."

Diplomatic relations.

Cuba enjoys full right of diplomatic intercourse with other
States.

Delegates from Cuba sat at the Second Hague Conference
in their own right.

CYPRUS (1878-1914).

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Turkish province administered by Great Britain.

At the close of the war between Russia and Turkey in 1877-78 Cyprus was ceded by Turkey to Great Britain for purposes of "occupation and administration" (terms similar to those employed in the treaty of Berlin of 1878 with regard to Austrian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina). The cession was the result of a desire on the part of Great Britain to render more secure the trade routes to the East, and was accomplished by a treaty of June 4, 1878, to which was attached an annex under date of July 1, 1878.

Article I, treaty of June 4, reads: "If Batoum, Ardahan, Kars, or any of them shall be retained by Russia, and if any attempt shall be made at any future time by Russia to take possession of any further territory of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan in Asia, as fixed by the definitive treaty of peace, England engages to join His Imperial Majesty the Sultan in defending them by force of arms.

"In return, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan promises to England to introduce necessary reforms, to be agreed

upon later between the two powers, into the Government, and for the protection of the Christian and other subjects of the Porte in these territories; and in order to enable England to make necessary provision for executing her engagement, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan further consents to assign the island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered by England."

[Holland, T. E., The European Concert in the Eastern Question, p. 354; Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, IV, p. 2722.]

On the outbreak of war with Turkey, November 5, 1914, the island was formally annexed to the British Empire.

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

The annexed treaty of July 1, 1878, regulates the conditions of occupation and administration.

Article I provides: "That a Mussulman religious tribunal (Méhkéméi Sheri) shall continue to exist in the island, which will take exclusive cognizance of religious matters, and of no others, concerning the Mussulman population of the island."

ART. II. That a Mussulman resident in the island shall be named by the Board of Pious Foundations in Turkey (Evkraf) to superintend, in conjunction with a delegate to be appointed by the British authorities, the administration of the property, funds, and lands belonging to mosques, cemeteries, Mussulman schools, and other religious establishments existing in Cyprus.

Art. III. "That England will pay to the Porte whatever is the present excess of revenue over expenditure in the island; this excess to be calculated upon and determined by the average of the last five years, stated to be 22,936 purses, to be duly verified hereafter, and to the exclusion of the produce of State and Crown lands let or sold during that period. Art. IV. "That the Sublime Porte may freely sell and lease lands and other property in Cyprus belonging to the Ottoman Crown and State (Arazii Miriyé vé Emlaki Houmayoun) the produce of which does not form part of the revenue of the island referred to in Article III."

Art. V. "That the English Government, through their competent authorities, may purchase compulsorily, at a fair price, land required for public improvements, or for other public purposes and land which is not cultivated."

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