Art. VI. "That if Russia restores to Turkey Kars and the other conquests made by her in Armenia during the last war, the island of Cyprus will be evacuated by England and the convention of the 4th of June, 1878, will be at an end." [Holland, T. E., The European Concert in the Eastern Question, p. 354; Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, IV, p. 2724.] The two treaties of 1878 do not appear to confer direct powers of legislation, but such powers were forthwith assumed by an order in council of September 14, 1878. While the administration of the island by Great Britain resulted in its complete independence of control by its nominal sovereign, the Sultan, as respects its own local autonomy it remained completely subject to the control of the administering power. Executive powers were entrusted to a British High Commissioner, with the usual powers of a colonial governor, and to a nominated executive council. The legislature consisted of 18 members, elected to the extent of two-thirds of their number, 3 by Mohammedan and 9 by non-Mohammedan voters. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Independent State under the protection of the United States. 1907, February 8.-Treaty between the United States and the Dominican Republic. Provides for assistance to be given by the United States to the Dominican Republic with the object of enabling the Dominican Republic to pay off its public debt. This treaty had been preceded by a protocol entered into between the President of the United States and the Dominican Republic in 1905 providing for substantially the same assistance in the administration of the customs as was provided for in the subsequent treaty. [Malloy, Treaties, etc., between the United States and other Powers, I, 418. For the full text of the treaty see Appendix No. 4.] Fiscal limitations. 2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED. Article I, treaty of 1907, provides for the appointment of a general receiver of Dominican customs, whose duty it shall be to collect all the customs duties accruing at the several customhouses of the Dominican Republic until the payment of all the bonds issued by the Dominican Republic in accordance with the plan agreed upon. Article III provides that until the Dominican Republic has paid the whole amount of the bonds of the debt its public debt shall not be increased, except by previous agreement between the Dominican Government and the United States. Police administration. Article II provides that "the Government of the United States will give to the general receiver and his assistants such protection as it may find to be requisite for the performance of their duties." On the basis of this agreement the United States has, on several occasions, undertaken to intervene in the Dominican Republic for the purpose of restoring order and assisting in the holding of peaceful elections. Treaty-making competency. No formal restrictions. Diplomatic relations. No restrictions. The Dominican Republic was represented at the second Hague conference as an independent State. EGYPT (1840-1914). I. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Vassal state subject to the suzerainty of Turkey. 1840, July 15.-Convention of London between Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia. An agreement to protect the Porte against aggression on the part of the Pasha of Egypt. Special concessions were made to the Pasha in favor of administrative autonomy, but the Sultan retained the right to grant exequaturs to consuls and to direct foreign relations. The Egyptian Army was part of the Turkish Army and Turkish laws and treaties were binding in Egypt. Subsequent firmans, especially that of 1873, granted a larger measure of autonomy, permitting the Khedive (a title granted in 1867) to contract foreign loans without limit in the name of the Egyptian Government, and to enter into commercial treaties with foreign States as well as treaties regulating the special position of foreigners in Egypt. The system of "mixed tribunals" or "international courts" was introduced as a substitute for the consular tribunals, and they were given jurisdiction over suits against the Egyptian Government and the estates of the Khedive in cases arising out of foreign loans. 1879, June. In consequence of the heavy debts incurred by the Khedive and the resulting domestic distress he was deposed by the Sultan and his successor was forbidden to contract further foreign loans and was curtailed in respect to other powers. In consequence of their interest in the Egyptian public debt Great Britain and France, who had taken part in the establishment of the "Caisse de la dette publique," intervened and appointed controllers general of their own with the rank of Egyptian ministers and with power to inquire into every financial branch of the public service. At the same time the Khedive was informed that the establishment in Egypt of political influence on the part of any other power would not be tolerated. In 1882 Arabi Pasha revolted against the discrimination shown by the administrative authorities against native Egyptian army officers. The rebellion was crushed by Great Britain, without the aid of France,. and when the dual control was abolished in 1883 Egypt continued under the de facto control of England, and an English financial administrator was appointed to supervise Egyptian finances. 1883-1914. On May 1, 1883, an "organic act" was promulgated by the Khedive creating a number of legislative institutions, including a legislative council, a general assembly, and provincial councils, but these bodies were mainly consultative, and the Khedive and his ministers retained most of the legislative power. This law was replaced in July, 1913, by a new organic act providing for a larger measure of popular control over the Government. Efforts were made on the part of other States to introduce some form of "multiple control" in place of the single British control, but they succeeded no further than the adoption in 1885 of a declaration signed at London on behalf of Germany, Austria, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia, and subsequently by Turkey, providing for a new loan to be guaranteed by the powers jointly and severally. In 1904 France finally entered into a convention with Great Britain in which she agreed not to obstruct the action of Britain in Egypt by asking that a limit of time be fixed for the British occupation or in any other manner. December 18, 1914, Great Britain formally proclaimed a protectorate over Egypt, and the Khedive assumed the title of Sultan, as indicating the termination of the suzerainty of the Porte. The domestic Government continues as provided for in the organic act of 1913, and a British high commissioner replaces the British agent and consul general. On 2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY. a. Organization of Government. The organic act of 1913 provides for a single "legislative assembly," which consists of 7 ministers, 66 members elected by manhood suffrage by an indirect process of electors and elector-delegates, together with 17 appointed members representing certain minorities. Britain is represented by an officer combining diplomatic and administrative functions, the "British agent, consul general, and minister plenipotentiary," who is assisted by the usual diplomatic staff. Each of the principal ministers has a British adviser, and the British financial adviser attends meetings of the council of ministers, but has no vote. The authority of these representatives is backed by the British Army of Occupation, which numbered over 6,000 men in 1912. b. Powers of Government. The assembly can initiate legislation and must be "consulted . on all matters relating to loans, land-tax assessments, or modi fications of the railway or irrigation systems. The Government, however, is not bound by the resolutions of the assembly, and in the event of a disagreement between the two about any proposed law the Government can eventually enact a law in such form as it may think fit. The assembly has the right of veto on new direct, personal, or land taxes, which can not be imposed without its sanction." Consular jurisdiction. The "mixed tribunals," established in 1876, continue to exercise jurisdiction over cases between foreigners and natives, while the consular tribunals hear cases in which both parties are citizens of the consul's country. Tariffs. The regulation of tariffs is under the control of Egypt. There is a low tariff in force, which is incidentally protective. Fiscal limitations. Theoretically the "Caisse de la dette publique" still administers the revenues of the country in the interest of the public debt, but since 1904 its functions have been purely ministerial. Military control. The Egyptian Army is under the control of Great Britain, the commander in chief (Sirdar) being appointed by the Khedive with the consent of the British Government. [Holland, T. E., The European Concert in the Eastern Question, pp. 89-205.] Treaty-making competency. During the period from 1867-1879 Egypt enjoyed the right to enter into commercial treaties with foreign States, but these treaties were not to conflict with political treaties of Turkey which were ipso facto binding on Egypt. After 1879 Egypt continued to exercise the same right (as is instanced by the treaty of 1884 between Egypt and the United States with regard to commerce and customs), but subject to the actual advice and control of the British advisers. Diplomatic relations. Egypt has never enjoyed during the period under consideration the right of sending and receiving public ministers. It was the absence of this jus legationis which was chiefly influential in leading the British Court of Admiralty in 1873, in the case of the Charkieh, to decide that the Khedive was not a sovereign prince and his property, therefore, not entitled to exemption from the jurisdiction of the British courts. FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Dependent States under the protection of Great Britain. In 1887 the Raja of Pahang surrendered control of his foreign relations to the British Government. In 1888 Pahang was taken under the British protection. In 1896, by treaty between the four protected native States, Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan, and the British Government the administrative federation of these States under a chief secretary was provided for. 2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY. The officer administering the Government of the Straits Settlements is ex officio high commissioner for the Federated Malay States and the other Malay States in the British sphere. The supreme authority in each State is in the State council, consisting of the Sultan, the residents, the secretary to the residents, and some of the principal Malay chiefs and Chinese merchants. The residents are under the control of the chief secretary and the high commissioner. The laws in force in each State of the federation are contained. in enactments passed by the State councils up to December, 1909, and from that date, where more than one State is affected, by the Federal Council. This council consists of the high commissioner, the chief secretary, the Sultans of the |