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States, the four British residents, the legal adviser, and four unofficial members, and in addition to legislation deals with official estimates of revenue and expenditure. All legislative enactments are submitted to the high commissioner and the secretary of state for the colonies.,

The following Malay States, Johore, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Trengganu, are not included in the federation. The treaty of 1885 defines the relations of Johore with Great Britain, and by an amendment to this treaty of May 12, 1914, the Sultan agreed to accept and act upon the advice of a British officer, called the general adviser. The Sultan is assisted in the administration of the State by a State council, of which there are two European unofficial members. The rights of suzerainty, protection, administration, and control of the other four Malay States were transferred from Siam to Great Britain by the Anglo-Siamese treaty of March 10, 1909. In all four States the rulers are assisted in the administration by State councils. In Kedah, Perlis, and Kelantan the ruler has the assistance of a British adviser appointed by the British Government. In Trengganu there is a British agent, also appointed by the British Government. [Statesman's Year Book, 1916, pp. 176-181.]

FRENCH INDO-CHINA.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Dependent States under the protection of France.

French Indo-China consists of five States: Cochin-China, the protectorates of Annam, Cambodia, Tonking, and Laos; and Kwang-Chow-Wan, leased from China, as well as the territory around Battambang, which was ceded by Siam in 1907.

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

The whole country is under a governor general, assisted by a secretary general, and each of the States has at its head an official bearing a title of resident superior, except in the case of Cochin-China, which, being a direct French colony, while the others are only protectorates, has a governor at its head. Throughout the country there are native tribunals from which there is an appeal to courts at Saigon and Hanoi. In these appeal courts European judges, in matters affecting natives, are assisted by Annamite mandarins.

"The States over which France has a protectorate are

placed in respect to their foreign affairs absolutely under

French control; the French protectorates are classed with colonies." (Rivier, Principes du Droit des Gens, I, 84.)

French Indo-China applies the French metropolitan customs tariff, with its maximum and minimum schedules, in addition to giving preference to imports from France and the French colonies.

HAITI.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

a. Independent State under the protection of the United States. The Republic of Haiti, formerly a French colony, became independent on January 1, 1804, and is now governed under a constitution of October 9, 1889.

1915, September 16.-Treaty between Haiti and the United States.

Ratified by Haiti, November, 1915.

Ratified by the United States, February 28, 1916.

Provides for the administration by the United States of the customs of Haiti to enable her to settle her public indebtedness.

[Statutes at Large of the United States, vol. 39, p. 1654. For the full text of the treaty see Appendix No. 5.]

2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED.

Fiscal restrictions.

Article II, treaty of 1915, provides for the creation of a receivership of the Haitian customs and for the distribution of the funds collected for the payment of the foreign debt. Further articles provide for the supervision of the expenditure of the balance of the receipts for domestic purposes, and for general assistance in the financial reorganization of the country. Article VIII provides that the Republic of Haiti shall not increase its public debt except by previous agreement with the President of the United States.

Police administration.

Article X provides for the creation of an efficient constabulary composed of native Haitians organized and officered by Americans appointed by the President of Haiti upon nomination by the President of the United States.

Sanitary administration.

Article XIII provides that the Republic of Haiti shall undertake such measures as in the opinion of the contracting parties may be necessary for the sanitation and public improvement of the

Republic, under the supervision of engineers appointed by the
President of Haiti upon nomination by the President of the
United States.

Military control.

Article XIV provides that the United States shall lend efficient aid for the preservation of Haitian independence and the maintenance of a Government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty.

Treaty-making competency.

No restrictions imposed except in respect to treaties conflicting with the treaty of 1915 and with the general policy of the United States pursuant to the Monroe Doctrine.

Diplomatic relations.

No restrictions.

INDIA, BRITISH.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

British dependency, under special form of government (see p. 11). India, as defined by Parliament (52 and 53 Vict., c. 63, s. 18), comprises all that part of the Indian Peninsula which is directly or indirectly under British rule or protection. It includes, therefore, both British India and the Native States, but at the same time the name "India" is frequently used officially when the reference is merely to British India. By act of 1858 all territories previously under government of the East India Co. were vested in the British King and all its powers exercised in his name.

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

a. Organization of Government.

The organization and powers of government are determined by
the Government of India acts of 1858 and 1912, the Indian
councils acts of 1861 and 1909, and other parliamentary stat-
utes, all of which have been consolidated in the Government of
India act of 1915 (5 and 6 George V, chap. 61), and the Gov-
ernment of India (amendment) act of 1916 (6 and 7 George V,
chap. 37).

The King of Great Britain and Ireland is Emperor of India
(royal titles act of 1876, 39 and 40 Victoria, chap. 10).
The supreme authority of the Imperial Parliament is secured by
the parliamentary responsibility of the secretary of state, but
Indian finance being separate, the estimates for India do not
require the sanction of the House of Commons. Parliament
rarely legislates directly for India.

b. Indian Office at London.

The administration of the Indian Empire in England is in charge of a secretary of state for India, assisted by a council of 10 to 14 members appointed for seven years by the secretary of state. At least nine members of the council must be persons who have served or resided 10 years in India and have not left India more than five years previous to their appointment. No member can sit in Parliament. Since 1907 two natives of India have been on this council.

The council has no initiative authority. It conducts the business transacted in the United Kingdom in relation to the Government of India. The expenditure of the revenues of India, both in India and elsewhere, is subject to the control of the secretary of state in council, and no appropriation can be made without the concurrence of a majority of votes of the council, which meets at least once a week, five being a quorum. In dealing, however, with questions affecting the relations of the Government with foreign powers, in making peace and war, in prescribing the policy of the Government toward native States, and in matters of internal policy where the Government of India has addressed the India Office in a secret dispatch the secretary of state may act on his own authority. Inasmuch as all laws passed by the Government in India have to be approved by the governor general, and inasmuch as the governor general has to secure the consent of the secretary of state before any important legislation can even be introduced, there is no need for any specific constitutional or statutory restrictions upon the powers of the Government. With the improvement of cable and transportation (opening of Suez Canal) facilities, the India Office in London has interfered more constantly with Indian affairs than it did before 1858, and the governor general has tended to become a sort of chief clerk to the secretary of state.

It still remains true, however, that, in general, Indian affairs are determined not from London but by the governing officials in India. Thus we have the following statement, recently made by H. A. L. Fisher (The Empire and the Future, p. 52. London: Macmillan and Co. 1916):

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Questions may be asked in London about Indian affairs, but nobody is particularly interested in them, and the Indian budget night is notoriously regarded as one of the least interesting occasions of the session. The affairs of India are in the hands of the Government of India. Proposals may come from the Indian Government to London and be vetoed by the Imperial Government. The large lines of Indian policy may be shaped by a secretary of state in the India Office, and a

powerful secretary of state may make his influence felt very strongly on the direction of Indian affairs if he encounters no serious opposition from the Government of India. But in reality the last word lies with Indian official opinion, in the sense that a measure would not be forced upon India against the united opposition of the Indian bureaucracy, the Indian viceroy, or the Indian governors and lieutenant governors. The secretary of state exercises a useful and important function. He supervises, he suggests, he sometimes initiates. He is the most important conduit through which English parliamentary opinion reaches and affects the Government of India, and for every change which needs an act of the Imperial Parliament he must be consulted and his consent secured. But the work of administering India is not done in London; it is done in India itself. It is for this reason that the organization of the public services of India is a matter of such great importance."

c. Government in India.

The supreme executive authority in India is in the Governor General in Council, often styled the Government of India. The Governor General or Viceroy is appointed by the Crown and usually holds office for five years. The capital of the Empire and seat of government was moved from Calcutta in 1912 to Delhi, the latter being formed into a separate territory under a chief commissioner.

The council of the Governor General consists of six ordinary members and the commander in chief, who is an extraordinary member. The ordinary members are appointed by the Crown usually for five years, and one of these since 1909 has been a native of India.

Normally the Governor General has power to act only with the consent of a majority of the council. He may, however, overrule the council in regard to measures "whereby the safety, tranquillity, or interests of the British possessions in India, or any part thereof, are or may be, in the judgment of the said Governor General, essentially affected." He may also in an emergency issue ordinances, which under certain conditions have the force of law for not more than six months. These powers are very rarely exercised.

The council is expanded into a legislative council by the addition of other members nominated by the Viceroy or elected under the Indian councils act, 1909. The legislative council now consists of 68 members, 36 being official and 32 nonofficial, special provision being made for the representation of Mohammedans. A governor or a lieutenant governor is an

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