exempted from the jurisdiction of the native States, but are subject to the laws and courts of British India. No native State may employ any European or American except with the consent of the Government of India. There is no consular jurisdiction in the proper sense in the native State, but British subjects, non-British European subjects, and Americans living in the native States are subject only to the jurisdiction of British India.

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

a. Organization of Government.

The organization of the Government is within the control of the ruler of each State, subject to the right of the Government of India to intervene to regulate the succession, to prevent the dismemberment of States, to suppress rebellion, to check gross misrule, and to enforce other limitations mentioned below. A few of the larger States, such as Mysore, Hyderabad, Baroda, and Kashmir, have direct political relations with the Government of India; about 170 States, mainly in the Central India Agency and the Rajputana Agency, are in political relations with the Government of India through an agent; about 500 States are in political relations with the Government of the British Indian Provinces, whose territories they adjoin.

b. Powers of Government.

Restrictions imposed for the protection of subject peoples.

The Government of India may intervene in any native State to protect the people against gross misrule. This power is exercised very rarely and only after repeated warnings. The Gaekwar of Baroda was deposed in 1875 after five years of misrule. The Government of India has also interfered in various States to prevent infanticide, suttee, slavery, or barbarous punishments.

Restrictions in regard to religious freedom.

The Government of India has the right to intervene in any native State to secure religious toleration. In a few of the Hindu States a Hindu who is converted to another religion loses his civil rights. There are also other religious customs and rites which are allowed to exist, although they would not be permitted in British India. Several years ago the Maharajah of Indcre issued some regulations hampering the work of Christian missionaries, which he was compelled by the Governor General to revoke.

c. Fiscal limitations.

Subject to certain regulations in regard to uniformity of customs duties, the rulers have charge of their own systems of revenue and expenditure. Serious abuse of this privilege would probably come under the head of gross misrule and as such would warrant British interference. If a native ruler desires to borrow money, he must report the fact in advance to the Government of India. Presumably, the Government may forbid the loan if it wishes to do so. In several of the smaller States the rulers are forbidden to contract any financial obligations which will extend beyond their own lifetime. Several of the smaller States pay tribute either to the Government of India or to one of the provincial governments. These payments are usually made in lieu of former military obligations. Some of the native States of Kathiawar and Gujarat pay tribute to Baroda and some of the smaller States of central India pay tribute to Gwalior. In general, each State may coin its own money, but the mint must be established at the capital of the State, the money must be coined under the supervision of the ruler, and the amount coined must be limited to the needs of the ruler's own territories. The more recent treaties make it clear that when a mint once falls into disuse it can not be revived. The States of Mysore and Balasinore have, for example, been refused permission to reestablish old mints.

In cantonment areas established in the native States for the use of the British Indian army the jurisdiction of the native ruler is suspended. That is to say, all the people living in a cantonment area are subject to the jurisdiction of British India, although as soon as the cantonment is removed native State subjects are automatically restored to the jurisdiction of their own ruler. In a similar manner the jurisdiction of British India extends to interstate railways and railway property in native States and to civil stations situated here and there mainly in connection with irrigation works.

d. Military restrictions.

The native States may have their own military forces, but the British impose restrictions affecting the strength of their armies, their systems of recruitment, their fortifications, and their armaments. The native States are also required to cooperate with the British for the common defense of India as a whole. They must, for example, grant rights of passage for British Indian troops, rights of occupation of forts, rights of cantonment, assistance in obtaining supplies, and extradition of deserters. Their more positive military obligations have

not yet been very clearly defined. Several of the States have at various times undertaken to maintain bodies of troops, separate from their regular armies, which may be used in time of war for imperial purposes. These forces are usually known as imperial service troops. At the beginning of the war in 1914 there were about 22,000 such troops supported by 29 States. Theoretically, in time of war the military obligations of the native States to the suzerain power are unlimited, but it is not likely that these obligations would be pushed very far except in a war for the immediate defense of India itself.

e. Immigration and emigration.

There are no general restrictions upon immigration, but several of the smaller States have agreed not to allow any non-British Europeans or Americans to reside in their limits until permission has been granted by the Government of India. The laws passed by the Government of India for the regulation of indentured emigration apply to the emigrant subjects of native States. In fact, all laws affecting the native subjects of British India living in foreign lands apply with equal force to the subjects of native States under the same conditions. f. Trade restrictions.

Most of the States regulate their own import, export, and octroi duties, but they are not allowed to make tariff restrictions favoring Great Britain, British India, any other native State, or any other country. Nearly all of the States are situated in the interior of India, and very few of them have any tariffs at all. Native States which have seaports or are situated on the northern frontier have tariff systems which are closely assimilated to the tariff of British India. Practically there is internal free trade throughout the whole of India. There are restrictions on the trade in firearms, opium, and a few special articles, but these are imposed for social and political, not for financial or economic, reasons. The native States must extradite fugitives from justice whether they come from British India, from other States, or from foreign countries.

IONIAN ISLANDS (1815-1863).

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Independent State under the protection of Great Britain.
1815, November 5.-Treaty between Great Britain, Austria,
Prussia, and Russia.

ART. I. "The islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa
Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxo, with their dependencies,
such as they are described in the treaty between His
Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias and the Ottoman

Porte, of March 21, 1800, shall form a single, free, and independent State under the denomination of the United States of the Ionian Islands."

ART. II. "This State shall be placed under the immediate and exclusive protection of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, his heirs and successors. The other contracting powers do consequently renounce every right or particular pretension which they might have formed in respect to them, and formally guarantee all the dispositions of the present treaty."

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

Organization of government.
Military restrictions.

Article III, treaty of 1863, provides: "As a necessary consequence of the neutrality to be thus enjoyed by the United States of the Ionian Islands the fortifications constructed in the Island of Corfu and its immediate dependencies, having no longer any object, shall be demolished."

[For the text of the treaty of Nov. 5, 1815, see Martens, N. R., II, 663; Phillimore, International Law, I, 101.] Article III, treaty of 1815, provides:

ART. III. "The United States of the Ionian Islands shall, with the approbation of the protecting powers, regulate their internal organization; and, in order to give to all the parts of this organization the necessary consistency and action, His Britannic Majesty will employ a particular solicitude with regard to the legislation and the general administration of those States. His Majesty will therefore appoint a lord high commissioner to reside there, invested with all the necessary power and authorities for this purpose."

NOTE.-During the war between Great Britain and Russia in the Crimea it was held by the British High Court of Admiralty in the case of The Leucade (Spinks' Prize Cases, 1854-1856, p. 193), in which certain ships sailing under the flag of the Ionian States were engaged in trade with Russia, that the fact that the protecting power, Great Britain, was at war did not involve the Ionian States in war in the absence of a clear intention on the part of Great Britain to declare war on their behalf.

1863, November 14.-Treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia, by which Great Britain re

nounced her protectorate and provided for the union of the islands to Greece. At the same time they were made permanently neutral.

Article II provides: "The Ionian Islands, after their union with the Kingdom of Greece, shall enjoy the advantages of a perpetual neutrality. The high contracting parties engage to respect the principle of neutrality stipulated by the present article."

NOTE. The engagement on the part of the powers to respect the neutrality of a State must be distinguished from a guaranty by them of such neutrality. The latter gives rise to an obligation to intervene to prevent a violation of neutrality; the former is a mere pledge of good intentions.

1864, March 29.-The neutralized area limited to islands of Corfu, Paxo, and their dependencies.

NOTE.-The neutrality of these islands was respected during the blockade of the Grecian ports by the powers in 1887, but violated in 1897 by Turkey.

KOREA (1904-1910).

INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Nominally independent State under the protectorate of Japan. By treaty of Shimonoseki, May, 1895, China renounced her claim of suzerainty over Korea. On February 23, 1904, an agreement was signed at Seoul between Japan and Korea by which the Japanese Government undertook to insure the safety of the Korean Imperial House and guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of the country, while the Korean Government agreed to adopt Japanese advice with respect to administrative improvements.

By the Russo-Japanese treaty of September 5, 1905, Russia acknowledged Japan's paramount interests in Korea and engaged not to obstruct nor interfere with the measures of guidance, protection, and control which Japan might take in Korea. The Anglo-Japanese agreement of August 12, 1905, contains similar recognition on the part of Great Britain. On November 17, 1905, an agreement between Korea and Japan placed in the Japanese Government the control and direction of the foreign relations of Korea and provided that a Japanese resident general should be stationed in Seoul. By agreement of July 24, 1907, between Korea and Japan it was provided that all administrative measures and all high official appointments should be subject to the approval of the resident general,