and Japanese subjects were made eligible for official positions in Korea. By convention of July 12, 1909, the Government of Korea delegated to the Government of Japan the administration of justice and prisons in Korea. By treaty of August 22, 1910, between Japan and Korea the Korean territory was formally annexed to the Empire of Japan, the Emperor being deprived of all political power. The title of the country has been changed to "Chosen." LUXEMBURG. Neutralized State. 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. 1815, June 9.-Final act of the congress of Vienna. Article LXVII connects Luxemburg with Holland by a 'personal union," but at the same time makes Luxemburg a member of the Germanic Confederation. Upon the break-up of the Germanic Confederation in 1866, France proposed the purchase of Luxemburg; but in consequence of the opposition of Prussia and Austria it was thought desirable by the powers to neutralize Luxemburg. 1867, May 11.-Treaty of London. Article II provides: "The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, within the limits determined by the act annexed to the treaties of the 19th of April, 1839, under the guarantee of the courts of Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia, shall henceforth form a perpetually neutral State. It shall be bound to observe the same neutrality toward all other States. The high contracting parties engage to respect the principle of neutrality stipulated by the present article. That principle is and remains placed under the sanction of the collective guarantee of the powers signing the present treaty, with the exception of Belgium, which is itself a neutral State." NOTE. The guarantee of the neutrality of Luxemburg is a collective guarantee, not an individual and separate one as in the case of Belgium. In consequence the parties to the treaty of 1867 have not felt under legal obligation to go to war for the maintenance of the neutrality of Luxemburg, whereas in the case of Belgium it was held that there was a separate and individual obligation to maintain its neutrality. [Martens, N. R. G., XVIII, 448.] Military restrictions. 2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED. Article III, treaty of 1867, provides: "The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg being neutralized, according to the terms of the preceding article, the maintenance or establishment of fortresses upon its territory becomes without necessity as well as without object. "In consequence it is agreed by common consent that the city of Luxemburg, considered in time past, in a military point of view, as a Federal fortress, shall cease to be a fortified city. "His Majesty the King Grand Duke reserves to himself to maintain in that city the number of troops necessary to provide in it the maintenance of good order." Trade relations. The neutralization of Luxemburg did not prevent that State from remaining a member of the German Zollverein. MADAGASCAR (1885-1896). 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Protected dependent State. t By a treaty of December 17, 1885, France claimed the right to regulate the foreign relations of Madagascar, and this right, as well as further aspects of a French protectorate, were recognized in the agreement of November 17, 1890, between Great Britain and France. The status of Madagascar as a French protectorate in the eyes of Great Britain appears in the fact that in the war between France and Madagascar in 1895 Great Britain did not consider the Madagascans as belligerents. By the treaty of Tananarive, October 1, 1895, Madagascar finally recognized the French protectorate, but in the following year by a unilateral declaration Madagascar became a French possession, and by a law promulgated August 6, 1896, the island and its dependencies were declared a French colony. 2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY. Madagascar, during the brief régime of the treaty of 1895, furnishes an excellent example of a protectorate. Article I of the treaty of 1895 provides: "The Government of Her Majesty the Queen of Madagascar recognizes and accepts the protectorate of France with all its consequences." Art. II. "The Government of the French Republic will be represented at the court of Her Majesty the Queen of Madagascar by a resident general." Art. III. "The Government of the French Republic will rep- Art. V. "The resident general will control the domestic admin- Art. VI. "The expenses of the public services of Madagascar and the financing of her debt will be met by the revenues of the island. The Government of Her Majesty the Queen of Madagascar agrees not to contract any loan without the authorization of the Government of the French Republic. The Government of the French Republic assumes no responsibility with regard to the contracts, debts, or concessions which the Government of Her Majesty the Queen of Madagascar has entered into before the signature of the present treaty." [Rivier, Principes de droit des gens, I, 88.] With the reduction of Madagascar to the status of a French colony the Queen and royal family were deposed. The Government is now carried on under a governor general and a consultative council of administration. The colony is not represented in the French Parliament, nor has it any elective assembly. The administrative system is based on the autonomy of the different races. The administrators usually appoint as local governors and chiefs of districts those who have been chosen by popular vote. Natives are employed to a large extent in subordinate positions both in the civil and military administration. Madagascar now applies the French metropolitan customs tariff with its maximum and minimum schedules, in addition to giving preference to France and the French colonies. MONACO. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Protected independent State. 1815, November 20.-Treaty of Paris. Monaco transferred from the protectorate of France to the protectorate of Sardinia. 1861, February 2.-Treaty of Turin. Part of Monaco (Mentone and Roccabruna, forming the arrondissement of Nice) ceded to France. The remaining part remained a sovereign State, but in consequence of an agreement of November 9, 1865, by which it entered the French customs control and in consequence of its enjoying the French postal, telegraphic, and coinage system it has come to be regarded by many as a protectorate of France. It still enjoys the right of sending and receiving diplomatic agents. [Twiss, The Law of Nations, I, 28, regards Monaco as a protected independent State. Mérignhac, Traité de droit public international, II, 222, regards Monaco as a sovereign State.] MONGOLIA (OUTER). INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Vassal State under the suzerainty of China. Mongolia is divided into Outer and Inner Mongolia. In 1912 Outer Mongolia declared its independence of China and proclaimed the living Buddha its Emperor. Its autonomy was recognized by the Russian Government, and on November 3, 1912, a convention and a protocol was signed at Urga by the Russian envoy and the cabinet of the living Buddha. By this convention the Russian Government undertook to assist, Mongolia to maintain the autonomous régime she had established, to support her right to have a national army and to admit neither the presence of Chinese troops on her soil nor the colonization by the Chinese of her territory. The Mongolian Government undertook to assure the Russian subjects and Russian commerce, as in the past, full enjoyment of their rights and privileges as enumerated in the protocol, and it is clearly understood that no other foreign subjects in Mongolia shall be granted fuller rights than those accorded to Russian subjects. For text of this convention, see China Year Book, 1914, page 630. On November 5, 1913, by an agreement between Russia and China, Russia recognized Outer Mongolia as part of Chinese territory under Chinese suzerainty, and China recognized the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. Both countries agreed not to send troops to Outer Mongolia other than as consular or official guards and not to colonize its territory. The text of agreement in China Year Book, 1914, page 633. Frontiers and other questions were settled at a tripartite conference between Mongolians, Chinese, and Russians in June, 1915. In October, 1913, a war loan of 2,000,000 roubles was granted to the Mongolian Government by Russia, secured on certain revenues from districts near Kobdo, where Russian tax-collectors have already begun operations. In September, 1914, an agreement between Russia and Mongolia was signed with regard to railways in Mongolia, plans for the construction of which were to be determined jointly, Russia undertaking to lend its cooperation in finding capital. Mongolia engages to consult the Russian Government before granting any concession for domestic railways, so that the projected railways may not be "prejudical to Russian economic and strategic interests." In June, 1915, the representatives of Russia, China, and Outer Mongolia signed a treaty relating to the status of Outer Mongolia and to the rights of Russian and Chinese citizens in that region. An autonomous State is created, known as Outer Mongolia, with a ruler designated as Khan, whose title, however, is conferred by the President of the Republic of China. The treaty provides that Russia and China recognize the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, forming part of Chinese territory; and that Outer Mongolia recognizes the suzerainty of China. Although autonomous, Outer Mongolia has no right to conclude international treaties with foreign powers respecting political and territorial questions. China and Russia, conformably to the Chino-Russian declaration of October 23, 1913 (American Year Book, 1913, p. 109), recognize the right of Outer Mongolia over its internal affairs and administration, also the right to conclude with foreign powers treaties and agreements concerning questions of commercial and industrial nature. As to custom duties, Chinese goods imported into Outer Mongolia are to be entitled to the same treatment as Mongolian goods, and reciprocally, Mongolian goods are to be accorded the same privileges when imported into China. Chinese goods entering Outer Mongolia from the north are to receive the same treatment as Russian goods. As to court jurisdiction, |