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Immigration and emigration.

New Zealand has full control over the regulation of immigration and emigration; it has also the power of naturalizing aliens, who thereupon acquire New Zealand citizenship as distinct from British citizenship.

Fiscal affairs.

New Zealand has full control over her revenues and expenditures, as well as control over the coinage, over the extent and form of her public debt, and over banks and banking. Trade relations.

The determination of customs duties is entirely within the competence of the New Zealand Parliament; upon its own initiative it has adopted a preferential tariff in favor of imports from the United Kingdom.

Treaty-making competency.

Treaties entered into by the British Government are legally binding upon New Zealand, but of recent years the practice has been for the British foreign office to consult the New Zealand Government before entering into treaties immediately affecting its interests. This is particularly the case with commercial treaties, those concluded during the past decade containing clauses providing for the separate adherence and separate withdrawal of the British colonies generally. In the case of the arbitration treaties of 1908, the British Government reserved the right to obtain the concurrence of the self-governing dominions before accepting an agreement providing for the arbitration of a matter affecting their special interests.

PANAMA.

Guaranteed State.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

1903, November 18.-Treaty between the United States and Panama; ratifications exchanged February 26, 1904.

Article I reads: "The United States guarantees and will maintain the independence of the Republic of Panama.” Articles II to XXV lay down the conditions under which Panama shall lease the Canal Zone to the United States, the lease carrying with it exclusive control of the territory incident to sovereignty.

[Malloy, Treaties, etc., between the United States and other Powers, II, 1349.]

2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED.

The control of Panama over its own territory, exclusive of the leased Canal Zone and the lands and waters necessary to the construction and maintenance of the canal, is under no restrictions.

Article II of the treaty of 1903 provides that the cities of Panama and Colon, although included within the leased zone, are not included in the grant, but Article VII provides that complete jurisdiction shall be granted to the United States in both cities and in their harbors in all that relates to sanitation and quarantine; and it is further provided that in case the Republic of Panama should not be able to maintain order in the two cities the United States is given the right to do so.

PERSIA.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Protected independent State.

1907, August 31.-Treaty between Great Britain and Russia.
Delimiting the spheres of their respective interests.

Agreeing to respect the integrity and independence of Persia.
Contemplating the necessity of joint financial control.

[Albin, P., Les Grands Traités Politiques, p. 416.]
1911, August 19.-Treaty between Russia and Germany.
Germany recognizes the special political rights of Russia
in Persia.

Equality of treatment in commercial matters provided for.
Advantages given to Germany in respect to the Bagdad
Railway and the connection of that railway with the pro-
posed Persian railways.

[Albin, P., Les Grands Traités Politiques, p. 582.]

1918, January 20.-Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907 formally denounced by the Bolshevik government.

1918, May 2.-Persian Government announced that it regarded the agreement of 1907 as null and void.

2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED.

No formal restrictions were imposed by the treaty of 1907 upon the organization and powers of the government of Persia, but Great Britain and Russia appeared to exercise a restraint upon the free choice of Persia of foreigners for administrative posts in the government of Persia. Persia is also subject to the exterritorial jurisdiction. of foreign consular courts.

PHILIPPINES.

1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS.

Autonomous dependency.

In 1898, the Philippine Islands were annexed by the United
States and placed under military administration.

1. First Philippine Commission.

1899, January 20.-First Philippine Commission created under Secretary of War to investigate conditions and report as to capacity of Filipinos for self-government and best means by which this could be granted. 2. Second Philippine Commission. ·

1900, March 16.-Second Philippine Commission created under Secretary of War and invested with the greater part of the administration of civil affairs which up to that time had been exercised by the commanding military officer. Though civil in substance, this commission was really a military one; that is, an agency of the military power.

Especially significant were the instructions drafted by Elihu Root, Secretary of War, approved and issued by the President, under date of April 7, 1900, to this commission, since they set forth a well-considered statement of American doctrines regarding the treatment to be accorded to dependent peoples. For text of these instructions, see Appendix 6.

It will be noted that the commission is given full authority, hampered by very few directions, to act as an executive and legislative body and to create, in its discretion, the various administrative and judicial organs of government for the islands.

1901, March 2.-" Spooner amendment" to the Army
appropriation act separates civil and military admin-
istration of the islands, and places their government
under discretionary authority of the President acting
in his civil capacity and not as Commander in Chief
of the Army and Navy. This régime went into effect
July 4, 1901.
1901, September 1.-Order of the President adds three
Filipino members to the commission and creates four
executive departments to be presided over by the four
American members of the commission.

3. Civil government act of July 1, 1902.

1902, July 1. This act of Congress created a civil government for the islands. See Appendix 7. This act not only is thus a constitutional or organic one,

but contains also legislation, e. g., regarding lands forests, mining claims, etc.

It does not, however, outline a complete scheme of government, but gives statutory force to what the commission had done and to certain enumerated fundamental rights of life, liberty, and property. It provides that after the insurrection is quelled and a census taken there shall be a bicameral legislature, the upper branch of which is to be the commission and the lower branch a body of elected representatives. This legislature to have the legislative power formerly exercised by the commission alone. Provision is, however, made that if appropriation acts are not passed those of the preceding year are to be automatically renewed.

United States excise system not extended to the islands, which are thus given full authority to create their own revenue system. The commission had already framed a special customs system, and the act provided that imports into the United States from the islands should pay only 25 per cent of duties imposed by the United States customs law.

By act of March 2, 1903, a special currency system was established for the islands.

By acts of the commission a native constabulary under American officers was provided for.

Rigid civil-service merit system created by the commission. See especially its order of September 19, 1900.

Judicial system organized by the commission by act of June 11, 1901.

Local governments of different models provided to meet different conditions of different localities.

4. Civil government act of August 29, 1916.

Act of Congress "To declare the purpose of the United States as to the future political status of the people of the Philippine Islands, and to provide a more autonomous government for those islands." See Appendix 8.

Act declares the intention of ultimately granting independence to the islands, and hence necessity for granting to their inhabitants as full self-government as possible in order to prepare them for the responsibilities of complete independence.

Act contains detailed "Bill of rights."

2. EXTENT OF AUTONOMY.

a. Organization of government.

Legislature.-Bicameral, Senate and House of Representatives.
Senate Elected by qualified electors. Senators must be

over 30 years of age and able to read and write either
Spanish or English language, and a resident for two years
preceding election. Six-year term.

House of Representatives: Elected triennially. Member must be over 30 years of age, able to read and speak either English or Spanish language, and one year a resident. Suffrage. Property and literacy qualifications imposed. Veto power. Given to Governor. If overridden by two-thirds vote, the measure to be sent to President of United States, who then has absolute veto power.

Congressional veto.-"All laws enacted by the Philippine Legislature shall be reported to the Congress of the United States, which hereby reserves the power and authority to annul the same." (Sec. 19.)

b. Powers of government.

Commercial relations and immigration.-Section 10 of the act reads:

"That while this act provides that the Philippine Government shall have the authority to enact a tariff law the trade relations between the islands and the United States shall continue to be governed exclusively by laws of the Congress of the United States: Provided, That tariff acts or acts amendatory to the tariff of the Philippine Islands shall not become laws until they shall receive the approval of the President of the United States, nor shall any act of the Philippine Legislature affecting immigration or the currency or coinage laws of the Philippines become a law until it has been approved by the President of the United States." If not disapproved in six months, acts to take effect as if approved.

No export duties to be levied.

Bonded indebtedness of islands not. to exceed $15,000,000, and of local bodies not beyond 7 per cent of assessed value of property for taxation.

Appropriation acts.-If not passed, acts of preceding year are continued. Governor may veto specific items.

Resident commissioners. Two elected by Philippine Legisla-
ture. Three-year term.

Governor General.-Supreme executive power vested in the
Governor General, appointed by President, with advice and

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