signed to said bureau shall embrace all matters pertaining to civil government in the island possessions of the United States subject to the jurisdiction of the War Department; and the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to detail an officer of the Army whom he may consider especially well qualified to act under the authority of the Secretary of War as the chief of said bureau; and said officer while acting under said detail shall have the rank, pay, and allowances of a colonel" [later changed to brigadier general]. It is apparent that no controlling authority is thus vested in this bureau, even with regard to Porto Rico and the Philippines while they were under the jurisdiction of the War Department. By authority given to him, the President directed that certain reports from these Governments be transmitted to the bureau, and the bureau, in fact, has in the past exercised a certain amount of supervisory control, but without specific warrant of law. Guam and Samoa are under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department. Guaranteed state. ROUMANIA. 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Prior to the treaty of Berlin, 1878, Roumania, consisting of the Provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia, united in 1861, was a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1829, by the treaty of Adrianople (Art. V), Moldavia and Wallachia came under the protection of Russia though still under the nominal suzerainty of the Porte. Provision was made for an independent national administration under the guaranty of Russia. This situation continued until 1856, when the treaty of Paris (Árt. XXII) revived the actual suzerainty of the Porte and provided that the privileges of which the principalities were already in possession should continue under the guaranty of the contracting powers and that no exclusive protection should be exercised over them by any of the contracting powers. 1878, July 13.-Treaty of Berlin. Roumania recognized as independent (Art. XLIII), subject to certain specified conditions. [Martens, N. R. G., 2d Ser. III, 449; Holland, The European Concert, p. 277.] 2. RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED. a. Organization of Government. No restrictions were imposed by the treaty of 1878. b. Powers of Government. Religious freedom. Art. XLIV, treaty of Berlin. "In Roumania the difference of religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil and political rights, admission to public employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various professions and industries in any locality whatsoever. "The freedom and outward exercise of all forms of worship shall be assured to all persons belonging to the Roumanian State, as well as to foreigners, and no hindrance shall be offered either to the hierarchical organization of the different communions or to their relations with their spiritual chiefs. "The subjects and citizens of all the powers, traders or others, shall be treated in Roumania without distinction of creed, on a footing of perfect equality." Freedom of transit. Art. XLVIII. "No transit duties shall be levied in Roumania on goods passing through the principality." Consular jurisdiction. Art. XLIX. "Roumania shall have power to make conventions to determine the privileges and attributes of consuls in regard to protection within the principality. Existing right shall remain in force so long as they shall not have been modified by the mutual consent of the principality and the parties concerned." Control over waters. Art. XLVII. "The question of the division of the waters and the fisheries shall be submitted to the arbitration of the European Commission of the Danube." ROUMELIA (1878-1885; 1885-1908). 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Turkish province under protection of the Great Powers; then vassal state in union with Bulgaria. 1878, July 13.-Treaty of Berlin. Organized the Province of "Eastern Roumelia" and imposed restrictions on the Government of the Province by Turkey ("administrative autonomy"). 1885, September 18.-Bulgaria itself a vassal state of Turkey, proclaimed the union of Eastern Roumelia with Bulgaria. This was acceded to by Turkey, under agreement with Bulgaria, February 2, 1886. Although the act of Bulgaria was in violation of the treaty of Berlin, Turkey appealed in vain for the intervention of the signatory powers. 2. ENTENT OF AUTONOMY. a. Organization of Government. The treaty of Berlin, 1878, imposed restrictions upon government of Province by Turkey. Art. XIII. "A Province is formed south of the Balkans which will take the name of Eastern Roumelia,' and will remain under the direct political and military authority of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, under conditions of administrative autonomy. It shall have a Christian Governor General." Art. XVII. "The Governor General of Eastern Roumelia shall be nominated by the Sublime Porte, with the assent of the powers, for a term of five years." Art. XVIII. "Immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, a European commission shall be formed to arrange, in concert with the Ottoman Porte, the organization of Eastern Roumelia. This commission will have to determine, within three months, the powers and functions of the Governor General, as well as the administrative, judicial, and financial system of the Province, taking as its basis the various laws of the vilayets and the proposals made in the eighth sitting of the conference of Constantinople. "The whole of the arrangements determined on for Eastern Roumelia shall form the subject of an imperial firman, which will be issued by the Sublime Porte, and which it will communicate to the powers." Art. XIX. "The European commission shall be charged to administer, in concert with the Sublime Porte, the finances of the Province until the completion of the new organization." b. Powers of Government. Restrictions upon Turkey. Police administration. Art. XV. "Internal order is maintained in Eastern Roumelia by a native gendarmerie, assisted by a local militia." "In forming these corps, the officers of which are nominated by the Sultan, regard shall be paid in the different localities to the religion of the inhabitants." "His Imperial Majesty the Sultan undertakes not to employ irregular troops, such as Bashi-Bazouks and Circassians, in the garrisons of the frontiers. The regular troops detailed for this service must not in any case be billeted on the inhabitants. When they pass through the Province they shall not make a stay there." Art. XVI. "The Governor General shall have the right of summoning the Ottoman troops in the event of the internal or external security of the Province being threatened. In such an eventuality the Sublime Porte shall inform the representatives of the powers at Constantinople of such a decision, as well as of the exigencies which justify it." Religious freedom. Art. XX. "The immunities and privileges acquired by foreigners, whatever their status, shall be respected in this Province. The Sublime Porte undertakes to enforce there the general laws of the Empire on religious liberty in favor of all forms of worship." Consular jurisdiction. Art. XX. "The treaties, conventions, and international arrangements of any kind whatsoever, concluded or to be concluded between the Porte and foreign powers, shall apply in Eastern Roumelia as in the whole Ottoman Empire." Public works. Art. XXI. "The rights and obligations of the Sublime Porte with regard to the railways of Eastern Roumelia are maintained in their integrity." Treaty-making competency. Art. XX (treaty of Berlin). "The treaties, conventions, and international arrangements of any kind whatsoever, concluded or to be concluded between the Porte and foreign powers, shall apply in Eastern Roumelia as in the whole Ottoman Empire." SAN MARINO. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Protected independent State. Recognized as independent by Napoleon in 1797, having previously been independent since the fifth century, although its independence had been encroached upon by the Papal States in the eighteenth century. 1862, March 22.-Treaty between San Marino and Italy. San Marino recognized as independent under protection of 1907, January 28.-A new treaty of friendship was concluded Revised in 1908 and 1914. SAVOY. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Neutralized Provinces. 1815, June 9.-Final act of the Congress of Vienna. Article XCII provides: "The Provinces of Chablais and Faucigny, and the whole of the territory of Savoy to the north of Ugine, belonging to the King of Sardinia, form a part of the neutrality of Switzerland as it is recognized and guaranteed by the powers." NOTE. In the same article it was provided that in the event of war the Province of Savoy was to be vacated by the troops of the King of Sardinia, and during actual hostilities, if any should arise, the Province was to be garrisoned by a force drawn from the neutral State of Switzerland. 1860, March 24.-Treaty between Italy and France. Savoy ceded to France. The neutralized portions ceded to France were made subject to the conditions imposed by the treaty of Vienna. [Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, II, p. 1429.] Savoy is a part of France. But France may not in time of war obtain from Savoy either troops or supplies, and possibly may not exact extraordinary taxes. Guaranteed State. SERBIA. 1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS. Prior to the treaty of Berlin, 1878, Serbia was part of the |