THE AMERICANA A Universal Reference Library COMPRISING THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FREDERICK CONVERSE BEACH MANAGING EDITOR GEORGE EDWIN RINES ASSISTED BY MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND OF THE MOST EMINENT SCHOLARS AND AUTHORITIES IN AMERICA AND EUROPE ILLUSTRATED SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COMPILING DEPARTMENT 225 FIFTH Avenue, NEW YORK DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Leland Stanford Jr. University ENGLISH LITERATURE WILLIAM P. TRENT, A.M., LL.D. Professor of English Literature, Columbia University WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, A.M. Professor of English, Columbia University AMERICAN LITERATURE EDWARD EVERETT HALE, S.T.D., LL.D. Author of "The Man Without a Country" CLASSICAL LITERATURE JAMES H. KIRKLAND, Ph.D., LL.D. Chancellor of Vanderbilt University ARCHITECTURE AND THE FINE ARTS RUSSELL STURGIS, F.A.I.A. Author of "Dictionary of Architecture" RELIGION AND THEOLOGY SYLVESTER BURNHAM, D.D. Dean of Hamilton Theological Seminary, Colgate University REV. P. A. HALPIN Saint Angela's College, New Rochelle, N. Y. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D., Ph.D. CHEMISTRY ALLAN DOUGLAS RISTEEN, Ph.D. Hartford, Conn. MINERALOGY GEORGE LETCHWORTH ENGLISH New York LAW HENRY M. EARLE New York ELECTRICITY WILLIAM MAVER, JR., C.E Consulting Electrical Engineer, New York ENGINEERING AND MACHINERY WILLIAM MOREY, JR., C.E. Consulting Civil and Mechanical Engineer New York STEEL ALBERT SAUVEUR, S.B. Professor of Metallurgy, Harvard University JUDAISM ABRAM S. ISAACS, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, New York University HISTORY OF THE NATIONS |