a new and beautiful cemetery just opened, situated seven miles out Woodward Avenue, and Mt. Olivet, another large (Catholic) cemetery about seven miles out at the northeast. There are a number of Lutheran and Jewish cemeteries. Schools, Libraries, Newspapers, etc. In 1910 the public school system had 93 buildings, 83 brick and 10 wood, besides a central office building; and 3 high schools. There are, in addition to the above, 56 private schools in the city. Total number of teachers employed, 1,500; total number of children of school age, 83,215; total number of children attending school, 56,927; and the expenditures were $1,286,708. There is no Protestant nor non-sectarian institution for general higher education, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor being only 37 miles away; but the Jesuits have Detroit College, opened 1877. There are also several special professional colleges: three medical, including the Detroit College of Medicine, with schools of pharmacy and dentistry, and Michigan College of Medicine and Surgery, Detroit Homeopathic College, and the Detroit College of Law. There are 82 periodicals, including 7 dailies, 2 of which are German. The one great library is the Detroit Public Library, opened 1865, containing nearly 200,000 volumes, and with branches in each high school as well as several outside. But Andrew Carnegie has offered to give $750,000 for a library, if the city will expend $75,000 a year in its support; the offer has not been accepted. The Hurlbut Library at the waterworks is also utilized as a distributing station. The Bar Association has a law library; and the Masonic lodges, the Trades Union Council, and the Museum of Art have also libraries. The latter institution, in part supported by a city tax, has a good collection of historical and archæological, art, and scientific relics and examples, valued at $300,000. These include the Stearn's Oriental collection, one of the finest in the country, and the Scripps gallery of old masters.

Churches and Charities.- In 1910 there were 200 religious societies in Detroit. The chief denominations were Roman Catholic (36 churches including the cathedral, it being the seat of a bishop), Methodist Episcopal (29), Lutheran (26 of different synods), Protestant Episcopal (25), Baptist (18), Presbyterian (15), German Evangelical (11), Congregational (10). There were also five Jewish synagogues and a temple; and several Catholic convents. Of the church buildings, the largest is the cathedral. Architecturally may be noted Ste. Anne's, and the Convent of the Sacred Heart, on Jefferson Avenue (both Catholic); the First and Fort Street Presbyterian; the Central Methodist; Trinity, St. John's, and Christ (Episcopal); Woodward Avenue Baptist; Church of Our Father (Universalist); First Unitarian; and the Temple Beth El.

The charities include a city poor fund, managed by a commission; and the Detroit Associated Charities. There are four large general hospitals, of which the most noted are Grace and Harper, with training schools for nurses; St. Mary's (Catholic) and the United States Marine Hospital. Besides these are some two dozen allied institutions,-lying-in hospitals, homes for Magdalens, foundlings, and orphans, the aged, etc. The House of Correction, whose buildings, grounds, and appliances have cost some $600,000, is of world-wide note.

Commerce and Industries.— Detroit is a highway through which passes all the commerce between the upper and lower lakes, to the volume of probably 50,000,000 tons yearly, or more than double that of the Suez Canal. It is the terminus of a great number of lake steamer lines, freight and passenger, and a chief calling point for others; and one of the greatest distributing points both by boat and rail between the United States and Canada, with which it does three fourths of its "foreign" trade. In 1910 its exports were about $25,000,000, greatest of all the ports opposite Canada; and its imports $5,000,000. Of the really foreign trade, extra-continental, the greater part is to England. The exports are grain and flour, swine and their products, cattle, beef, and hides, sheep and wool, and lumber; though the latter trade has greatly declined of late years, as the Michigan pine forests have been stripped. Besides this, it receives and uses or ships east vast quantities of the produce of Michigan, of which it is the natural emporium; wheat, corn, and barley, hops, apples, dairy products, etc., besides those above mentioned. Its annual clearances of vessels are about 3,300, with a gross tonnage of over 500,000. It has the largest drydock on the lakes. Besides the water lines, it is the centre of seven great railroad lines, most of them among the chief trunk lines of the West and Canada; the Lake Shore, Michigan Central, Grand Trunk, Canadian Pacific, Père Marquette, Wabash, and Detroit Southern.

The manufactures of Detroit in 1910 turned out $270,992,000 in finished product, employing $190,125,000 of capital and over 94,037 workmen and officials, and paying $58,267,000 in wages and salaries. The increase from 1900 was 49 per cent in number of establishments, and 97 per cent in value of product: a healthy sign, indicating greater diversity of industries. Almost exactly one half of the present value of manufactures is in automobiles, their parts and accessories, the total of 1910 being close to $140,000,000, the output of steam and electric cars was $30,000,000, and there are at least thirty industries that have an output of $1,000,000 or over. These are iron and steel and allied industries-steamfitting and heating apparatus, architectural iron work. The general iron and steel manufactures will come to nearly $15,000,000. Next to this is the manufacture of tobacco products, amounting to over $6,500,000. Manufacturing chemicals and druggists' products is another immense specialty, $5,000,000, the creation of the past 20 years almost wholly. Malt liquors come next. Furniture and carriages, using more skilled work to less stock, have largely supplanted the coarse lumber and planing-mill work once a chief industry. Brass castings are a heavy item; slaughtering and meat packing is important; and paints and varnishes occupy a prominent position.

Government, Finance and Judiciary.-The city is divided into 17 wards. The city council has but one chamber, and the council and the mayor are elected for two years. Most of the officials and commissions are elected; some are appointed by the council on the mayor's nomination; and the board of health is appointed by the governor of the State. The finances are regulated by a board of estimates. The

city is the seat of the district court for the eastern district of Michigan, the Wayne County circuit court, and local courts. The principal officials of the Lake Survey and the department in charge of the lake lighthouses have their offices here. The city's limit of borrowing is 2 per cent of its assessed valuation; which was about $260,000,000 in 1910. The tax rate was 1.84, against 2.13 of the last U. S. census. The net debt was $7,296,481.47. The banks of the city ten years ago consisted of 8 national, 14 savings banks, 2 trust companies, and 2 private banks. The joint-stock banks reported $96,553,247 resources, $7,850,000 capital, $2,076,000 surplus, and $80,221,322 deposits.

Population.- Detroit's figures since the first census taken 1820, are as follows: 1820, 1,422; 1830, 2,222; 1840, 9,102; 1850, 21,019; 1860, 45,619; 1870, 79,577; 1880, 116,340; 1890, 205,876; 1900, 285,704. Of these, 189,201 were native born; 96,503 foreign; 4,111 were colored. The total of foreign and those with foreign-born parents was 184,892; and the native white population of native parentage was but 61,309. But as about 32,000 of the foreign-born were English of England or Canada, and others from Scotland, Ireland, etc., the English element is about 100,000. Population (1910) 465,766.

History. The white man first visited Detroit, so far as records show, about 1655, and the first map of the region was published in 1656. The first settlement was made 24 July 1701, by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (q.v.), who had been governor of Michillimackinac, and wished to establish a permanent post for the centre of French power and commerce in the Northwest. He built Fort Pontchartrain, and settled it with 50 soldiers and 50 colonists. At the close of the French and Indian war, on 29 Nov. 1760, Maj. Robert Rogers took the place from the French commandant, Capt. Beletre, by order from the Marquis of Vaudreuil; the garrison were sent off as prisoners, but the Canadian inhabitants were allowed to retain their farms by swearing allegiance to the British crown. The first act of Pontiac's conspiracy in 1763 was to attempt seizing Detroit; but he was foiled, and after a desperate siege from 9 May to 12 October, heroically sustained by Maj. Gladwyn, the post was relieved, alone of all the western forts. In 1778 there were about 300 inhabitants, living mostly in log cabins, with a Roman Catholic Church; in that year the British built Fort Lernault, renamed Fort Shelby by the Americans on obtaining it, which was not till 1796. As part of the Northwest Territory, it came under the Ordinance of 1787, and in 1802 was incorporated as a town, but in 1805 was obliterated by fire except two buildings. It was rebuilt, and became the capital of Michigan Territory. In the War of 1812, William Hull surrendered it to the British under Isaac Brock on threat of a general massacre of the inhabitants by Brock's Indians. Hull was court-martialed for this act. The British, however, evacuated it the next year, and the Americans reoccupied it 20 September. It was incorporated as a village in 1815 and as a city in 1824. It remained the capital of the Territory till 1837, when Michigan became a State; then of the new State till 1847. Detroit celebrated its centennial 24 July 1901. Consult: Farmer, History of Detroit and Michigan' (1889), and 'Detroit' in 'Historic Towns of

the Western States' (1901); Burton, Cadillac's Village) (1896); Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac (1867); Landmarks of Detroit,' Ross and Catlin (1898). C. M. BURTON.

Author and Historian.

Detroit, Minn., county-seat of Becker County; on Detroit Lake, and the Northern Pacific Railroad; about 200 miles northwest of St. Paul. The town is the trade centre of a rich agricultural district, and a popular summer resort because of its situation in the beautiful lake region of Minnesota. Pop. (1910) 2,807.

Detroit River, a river or strait which connects Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and forms part of the boundary between the United States and Canada. Detroit is the French word for strait; and the name was given by the French, the first white men who settled here. Its course is nearly south, with slow current, and sufficient depth of water for the navigation of large vessels. It is 25 miles long and three fourths of a mile wide opposite the city of Detroit, where it forms an excellent harbor. The tonnage passing through this river exceeds in volume that passing through any other river in the world.

Dettingen, dět'ting-en, Germany, the name of several places in Germany, but the only one particularly deserving of notice is a village of Bavaria, on the Main, nine miles northwest of Aschaffenburg. It is noted for the victory gained in 1743 by the English and Austrians under George II. of England over the French under Marshal Noailles, in the war of the Austrian

succession.

Deucalion, du-kä'li-on, in Greek mythology, father of Hellen, ancestor of the Hellenes or Greeks, was the son of Prometheus and was king of Phthia. The following is the myth with which his name is connected. Zeus, it is said, determining to destroy mankind by water, on account of their impiety, brought a flood upon the earth, by means of a violent rain; Deucalion saved himself and his wife Pyrrha by building a wooden vessel which floated safely to the top of Mount Parnassus. After the flood had subsided they consulted the oracle of Themis to know what they must do to repair the loss of mankind, and were directed to veil their faces and throw behind them the bones of their mother. Understanding their mother to signify the earth, and her bones the stones, they did as the oracle directed. The stones thrown by Deucalion became men and those thrown by Pyrrha became women.

Deus, Joao de Rogueira Ramos, zhō-own roo-jā'rä rä-mōsh da da-oosh, Portuguese lyric poet: b. Sao Bartolomeu de Messines, province of Algarve, 8 March 1830. He is regarded by his countrymen as introducer of a new era of Portuguese poetry. National spirit, originality, sensibility, and rhythmic melody characterize his poems. They are published in 'Field-flowers (1870); A Branch of Blooms' (1870); etc.

Deus Ex Machina, dē-ŭs ěks mǎki-na ("a god out of the machine"), a Latin phrase used to designate some unknown supernatural cause introduced to explain phenomena that one is not able to account for by natural means; or applied to some extraordinary and unlookedfor agency introduced to solve a difficulty or the like.