Cyclom'eter, an invention for measuring and recording the distance traveled by wheeled vehicles, extensively used in cycling. Its most important application is in railroading. The apparatus is connected with the wheels of a car, and by recording the number of revolutions tells on a sheet of paper inside the car the number of miles traveled. It is purely automatic, and in addition, by an attachment of extreme beauty and ingenuity, every inequality in the road-bed of a railroad is detected and located.

Cyclone (Gr. "whirling," "revolving"), a term originally applied to the violent rotatory tempests of the tropical and sub-tropical regions, called in the West Indies hurricanes; in Senegal, tornadoes; at the Cape of Good Hope, trovados; in the Chinese Sea, typhoons; and on the west coast of Central America, papagallos. The diameter of rotation of such storms is from 200 to 300 miles and sometimes exceeds 500, and the velocity of the wind, according to Humboldt, is sometimes as much as from 200 to 300 miles an hour. The centre of the storm often advances 30 miles an hour. Since the discovery of the rotatory course of winds even at a distance from the tropics the term cyclone has, however, been applied to any system of winds blowing round a centre of low pressure, and a cyclone is distinguished from an anti-cyclone, which is a system of winds with a centre of high pressure. These two system are always in proximity to one another, though their centres may be, and usually are, very wide apart. In the cyclone there is a gradual rise of barometric pressure from the centre to the circumference, in the anti-cyclone a gradual fall; in consequence of this the tendency of the winds in a cyclone is toward the centre, in an anti-cyclone it is from the centre; a cyclonic system travels in a certain direction from the region where it originates till it is dissipated or destroyed; an anti-cyclonic system generally remains in the region where it is formed, its centre only shifting about within comparatively narrow limits; the isobaric lines of a cyclone, especially near the centre, are almost circular, those of the anti-cyclone extremely irregular, and the atmospheric gradient (that is, the rate of increase or decrease of pressure) is usually greater in the former than in the latter. While the general tendency of cyclonic winds is toward the centre of the cyclone, their actual course is not directly toward that space, but spirally round it, the lines of rotation being nearly the same as those of the isobaric curves. The direction of rotation is stated in 'Buys-Ballot's Law of the Winds, which in one of its forms is: "Stand with your back to the wind, and the barometer is lower, in the northern hemisphere, on your left hand than on your right; in the southern hemisphere, on your right hand than on your left." There are important differences in the weather accompanying cyclones and anti-cyclones, but these are so much modified by local circumstances that it is impossible to enter upon them here. Almost the only general observation that can be made on this head is that the air in a region over which an anti-cyclone hovers, especially near the centre, is very dry, and either clear or almost free from clouds. The great cyclonic area of the United States is the central Mississippi valley, notably Kansas. They are less common apparently on the east side of the river and less violent, but occur with some frequency as far east as the Alleghanies.

Cyclopædia. See ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

architecture, masonry constructed with large Cyclopean (si-klō-pē'an) Works, in ancient blocks of stone unhewn and uncemented, said to be the works of a fabulous race of giants, the Cyclopes (q.v.) Some of these works were the walls of Argos, Tiryns, and Mycena. Similar walls are to be found in various parts of Greece, Italy, and Sicily, at Persepolis and elsewhere in Asia, and at Cuzco, Peru.

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Cyclópes, si'klō-pēz, a race of giants in the mythology of Greece. The earlier mythology makes them the sons of Uranus and Ge (Heaven and Earth). They belonged to the Titans, were three in number - Arges, Steropes, and Brontes - and had only one eye, situated in the middle of their forehead. They were cast into Tartarus by their father, and again by Cronus, but being released by Zeus provided him with thunderbolts, and became his ministers. They were slain by Apollo for having furnished Zeus with thunderbolts to kill Asclepius. Wholly different from these are the sons of Neptune, of whom Polyphemus was the chief. They are described in the Odyssey (ix. 106, et seq.) as uncouth giants, supporting themselves by the breeding of cattle. According to Homer they resided on the west side of Sicily. A later tradition describes the Cyclopes as the servants and assistants of Hephaistus (Vulcan), engaged in making the armor and metal ornaments for gods and heroes. The name Cyclopes is also given to a Thracian tribe of giants, who according to tradition built the stone works known as cyclopean (q.v.) They were named from their king Cyclops.

Cyclops, sī'klõps, a genus of small freshin the order Copepoda (q.v.). They are popuwater crustaceans, type of a family (Cyclopida) larly included under the wide title of "waterfleas. Various species are common as active swimmers in fresh-water pools or slow-flowing brooks, and a few forms have been recorded from the first ring of the thorax; there is a pearthe sea. The head-region is not distinct from shaped segmented body and a long abdomen; both pairs of antennæ are long, and in the male the anterior pair form claspers. The average length of the commonest species is from two to three millimetres; the males are generally smaller than the females. A very marked feature, to which the name refers, is the single medium eye, usually bright crimson and sparkling like a gem; and not less noticeable are the two large egg-bags carried by the females. They eat both animal and vegetable matter, and are very prolific.

Cyclora'ma, a painted conspectus of a scene arranged in a circular room, so as to afford the eye a single comprehensive view. Battles have been thus presented in the United States in the form of circular panoramas, as that of Gettysburg. See PANORAMA.

Cyclostomi, si-klos'to-mi (Gr. "roundmouthed"), one of the five primary divisions or classes of the craniate Vertebrata, also called Agnatha, Marsipobranchii, etc. Excluding the doubtful extinct ostracoderms, the cyclostomes have an imperfect, embryonic brain case, no lower jaw, no paired limbs or their supporting girdles, no ribs and no scales. The skeleton

is purely cartilaginous and the notochord persists in living forms. There are many remarkable structural specializations in the representatives of the three or four subdivisions, and the peculiarities of the living forms are such as to indicate that they are survivals of a once extensive group of fish-like animals; but only a single species of fossil can be referred to here with certainty. The following may be indicated as orders: Cyclia, with the vertebral column well developed and, like other parts of the internal skeleton, ossified; no external skeleton and no paired limbs; the tail provided with a large diphycercal fin supported by rays; the skull a cartilaginous capsule, with prominent ear sacs, and a large median nasal sac with a circle of cirri about its orifice; this group is represented by a single species (Palæospondylus gunni), from the Devonian rocks of Scotland; Hyperoartia, having the internal skeleton entirely unossified, with a persistent notochord and no vertebræ; body eel-like with a caudal fin; the mouth a suctorial disk, with the rasping end of a piston-like tongue appearing at its centre; the nasal sac median and its diverticulum not penetrating the palate; and seven pairs of pouchlike gill slits, which communicate with a common respiratory tube distinct from the esophagus; represented by the single family, Petromyzontide, with the principal genera Petromyzon (lamprey, q.v.), Lampetra, Mordacia and Geotria; and Hypero tretia, like the last in the characters enumerated except that the nasal diverticulum (hypophysis) perforates the palate and opens into the mouth and there is no separate internal respiratory tube. There are two families of this group, the Bdellostomida, with 6 to 14 gill pouches on each side opening separately at the surface; and the Myxinida, with the single genus Myrine (hag fishes, q.v.), in which the six pairs of gill pouches have a single common external opening on each side. To these Prof. Cope has added the great extinct group Ostracophori (q.v.).

Cydias, sidi-as, Greek painter: b. the island of Cythnus, one of the Cyclades. Hortensius, the orator, purchased his painting of the Argonauts for 144,000 sesterces (nearly $7,200). This same piece was afterward transferred by Agrippa to the portico of Neptune.

Cyd'nus, a river of Cilicia, rising in the Taurus, and flowing through Tarsus into the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of the Cydnus is often choked with sand and other alluvial deposits.

Cydonia (named, it is believed, from a place called Kydon, in the island of Crete, of which this fruit is a native); a genus of fruit trees, order Pomacea. It has leafy calyx lobes, and many-seeded cells in its fruit. C. vulgaris is the quince; C. japonica is an ornamental shrub. See QUINCE.

Cygnus, sig'nus ("the Swan"), one of Ptolemy's northern constellations. It includes the double star Albiero, the components of which are differently colored, one of them being orange and the other blue. The motions of the double star, 61 Cygni, have been carefully observed, and it has been estimated that the pair together weigh about one third as much as our sun.

Cylinder, the name of a geometrical solid formed by two parallel circular surfaces, called the superior base and the inferior base, and a convex surface terminated by them. There is a distinction between rectangular cylinders and oblique cylinders. In the first case, the axis, that is, the straight line joining the centres of the two opposite bases, must be perpendicular to them in the second, the axis must form an oblique angle with each base. The cubic contents of a cylinder are equal to the product of the base by the altitude. Archimedes found that the solidity of a sphere inscribed in an equilateral cylinder, that is, of a sphere whose diameter is equal to the height and also to the diameter of the base of the cylinder, is equal to two thirds of the cubic contents of the cylinder. A right circular cylinder may be defined as the solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its sides.

Cylindrical Lens, a lens whose surfaces are cylindrical instead of spherical, which is usually the case. A convex cylindrical lens brings the image of a source of light to a focus in a line instead of in a point. These lenses are employed in spectroscopes for examining star-spectra. They are usually planocylindrical: that is, cylindrical on one side and flat on the other.

Cylindroma. See TUMOR.

Cylon, an Athenian leader who, with the intent to make himself tyrant of Athens, occupied the Acropolis, and being reduced by a blockade, was put to death by Megacles, in violation of his oath to spare him.

Cyma, si'ma, in architecture, a wavy molding the profile of which is made up of a curve of contrary flexure, either concave at top and convex at bottom or the reverse. In the first case it is called a cyma recta; in the second a cyma reversa. It is a member of the cornice, standing below the abacus or corona.

Cymbals, among the ancients, musical instruments, consisting of two hollow basins of brass, which emitted a ringing sound when struck together. The instruments which are now used in military music, and have been borrise from these. They were used in the worship rowed from the East, seem to have taken their of Cybele, Bacchus, Juno and other deities.

Cymbeline, sim'bě-lin or sim'bě-lin, British king of the 1st century. Not much is known of his career. Shakespeare's play of Cymbeline was written about 1609. A few statements about Cymbeline and his sons the dramatist took from Holinshed's 'Chronicle,' but the story of Imogen forms the ninth novel of the second day of Boccaccio's 'Decameron.' These two stories Shakespeare has interwoven; and the atmosphere of the two is not dissimilar: there is a tonic moral quality in Imogen's unassailable virtue like the bracing mountain air in which the royal youths have been brought up.

Cyme, an ancient city of Eolia, which, although styled by Strabo the largest and noblest of Æolian cities, is of little historical importance. The father of Hesiod lived here before he migrated to Ascra in Boeotia.

Cyme, in botany, a mode of definite inflorescence in which the principal axis terminates in a flower, and a number of secondary

axes rise from the primary, each of these terminating in a flower, while from these secondary axes others may rise terminating in the same way, and so on. All the flower-stalks rise to nearly the same height, so that they resemble a compressed panicle.

Cymri, kim'ri, or Kymry, a branch of the Celtic family of nations which appears to have succeeded the Gaels in the great migration of the Celts westward, and to have driven the Gaelic branch to the west (into Ireland and the Isle of Man) and to the north (into the Highlands of Scotland), while they themselves occupied the southern parts of Great Britain. At a later period (during the 5th and subsequent centuries) they were themselves driven out of the Lowlands of Great Britain by the invasions of German tribes, and compelled to take refuge in the mountainous regions of Wales, Cornwall, and the northwest of England. A part of them also crossed over into Gaul, and settled in Brittany. Wales may now be regarded as the chief seat of the Cymri (a name which the Welsh still give to themselves), as it is still the chief place where the Cymric dialect of the Celtic language is spoken. A variety of this dialect, called the Cornish, was at one time spoken also in Cornwall, and another variety, called the Armorican, is still spoken in some parts of Brittany. On account of the similarity of the name the Cymri have been identified both with the Cimbri and the Cimmerii, but the identification in both cases, especially the latter, is doubtful. The origin of the name is unknown.

Cynægirus, sin-ē-ji'rus, Athenian hero, brother of Eschylus. At the battle of Marathon he lost his hands in attempting to prevent a Persian ship from being pushed off, and then seized the gunwale with his teeth.

Cynanchum, si-năn’kům, a genus of Asclepiadacea, of which some species have been used medicinally, as C. monspeliacum, a violent purgative, the so-called Montpellier scammony, and C. vincetoricum, formerly in repute as an antidote to other poisons. The Indian C. extensum yields fibre, and the C. ovalifolium of Penang,

caoutchouc.

Cyn'ara, a small genus of compositæ, in many respects like the thistle. The two bestknown species are the artichoke (C. scolymus) and the cardoon (C. cardunculus). Both are hardy perennials, found wild in southern Europe and northern Africa. The flowers are sometimes used to curdle milk. See ARTICHOKE; CARDOON. Cynewulf, kin'e-woolf, Anglo-Saxon religious poet. His name is only known from its being given in runes in the poems attributed to him, namely: 'Elene' (Helena), the legend of the discovery of the true cross; Juliana, the story of the martyr of that name; and Crist (Christ), a long poem incomplete at the beginning. The name Cynewulf also occurs as the

solution of one of the metrical riddles in the

Anglo-Saxon collection. Other poems, the Andreas, the 'Wanderer, the Sea-farer, etc., have been ascribed to him without sufficient grounds. Cynewulf probably lived in the first half of the 8th century. From his poems we may gather that he spent the earlier part of his life as a wandering minstrel, devoting the lat

ter to the composition of the religious poems connected with his name.

Cynics, a school of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, a scholar of Socrates, at This philosophy was a Athens, about 380 B.C. one-sided development of the Socratic teaching by Antisthenes and his followers, who looked only to the severer aspect of their master's doctrines, and did not see or did not rightly appreciate the way in which the seeming severity of the teaching of Socrates was corrected by the genial character of the man himself. An equally one-sided attention to the other aspect of the practical philosophy of Socrates, as exhibited in his own life, gave rise to the opposite teaching of Aristippus and his followers. There were, nevertheless, some noble features in the doctrines of the Cynics. They made virtue to consist in self-denial and independence of external circumstances, by which, as they thought, man assimilates himself to God. This simplicity of life, however, was soon carried so far by the Cynics that it degenerated into carelessness, and even neglect of decency. In their attempts at living conformably to nature they brought themselves down to the level of savages, and even of brutes. No wonder, then, that the Cynics soon became objects of contempt. The most famous of their number were, besides their founder, Diogenes of Sinope (412 to 323 B.C.), Crates of Thebes (about 328 B.C.), with his wife Hipparchia, and Menippus (about 60 B.C.), who was the last of them. After him this philosophy merged in the Stoic, a more worthy and honorable sect. See CYRENAICS.

Cynips, the gali-fly; a genus of insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera, the suborder Petiolata, section Parasitica, and family Cynipida. They are a kind of small flies remarkable for their extremely minute head and large, elevated thorax. The females are provided with an ovipositor by which they make holes where they deposit their eggs in different parts of plants, thus producing those excrescences which are known as galls. In these excrescences the small larvæ are produced, which live there either singly or several of them together for five or six months, and consume the interior for their nourishment. Some of the species undergo their transformations before leaving the excrescences, others quit them and bury themselves in the earth, to undergo their transformations there. The C. gallotinctoria is of a pale fawn-color, and lives on a species of oak which grows in the Levant, where it produces the so-called gall-nuts, which yield a black coloring matter, and are used in the making of ink. the hairy excrescences which are seen on the The C. rosa, or bedeguar gall-fly, produces rose-bush and the sweet-brier. It is black, with the exception of the feet and the abdomen, the Levant for caprification, an operation inare red. The C. psenes is used in tended to hasten the maturity of figs. (See CAPRIFICATION.) Some species of gall-flies, such

which

as

the C. fulviceps and the C. quercusinferus, have in some cases been produced from aphides instead of in the ordinary way from galls.

Cynocephalus, si-no-sef'a-lus (Gr. "doghead"), a genus of monkeys including the various species of baboon (q.v.).

Cynodictis, si-nō-dik'tis, a genus of primitive Canide (see DOGS, FOSSIL) of the Oligocene Epoch in Europe and America, a collateral ancestor of the modern dog family. It was of weasel-like proportions, with long tail, small brain, civet-like teeth and other primitive characters. Most of the species were small.

Cy'nodon Dac'tylon, Capriola Dactylon, Bermuda or Bahama Grass, a low, creeping, perennial grass found in most warm and tropical countries, where from its drought-resisting capacity it is used as a common pasture grass. It has delicate leaves and upright, leafy flowering branches which bear three to seven slender divergent spikes. Three of the four species are Australian. In the United States it is dispersed from Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Texas and California, being hardy from Philadelphia southward. It grows freely on poor, sandy soils, but the leaves are short; on good soil it will grow one or two feet high. It will grow on almost any soil, if not too wet. Its root-stock runs readily, thus making it a valuable grass for binding drifting sands and for holding embankments liable to wash. Being insensible to heat and drought it soon makes a fine sod equally useful for grazing or for a lawn. It is also used for hay and is in bloom from April to October. It will not grow in the shade and it is easily injured by low temperatures, turning brown with the first frosts. It rarely bears seed, except in the extreme Southern States. The usual method of propagation is to chop up the roots, sow them broadcast and plow in, shallow. Once introduced it is hard to get rid of, but it has been eradicated by constantly plowing the land every week or so, or growing oats, followed by cowpeas in rows, which could be cultivated. Its rhizome is used in medicine, as a substitute for sarsaparilla. The plant is a favorite food of the wild goat, hence the name Capriola.

Cynoglossum, hound's-tongue, a genus of plants of the natural order Boraginaceæ, consisting of about 75 species of coarse herbs of wide distribution in temperate climates. The flowers form scorpioid racemes, as in the allied comfrey and forget-me-not, and are of a reddish color. Five species are found in America, the best known being hound's-tongue C. officinale). This genus is found in waste places from Quebec to Minnesota, and south to Kansas and North Carolina. It has a disagreeable smell like that of mice, and was at one time used as a remedy for scrofula. It is a troublesome weed, native in Europe and Asia. Another wellknown species is C. virginicum, wild comfrey, which grows from New Brunswick south to Florida, and west to Louisiana and Kansas.

Cynomo'rium, a genus of parasitic plants, the best-known representative of which is Cynomorium coccineum, a fungus-like plant, found in the islands of Malta and Gozo. It was long known as Fungus melitensis, and enjoyed the highest reputation as a styptic, besides being used as an astringent in dysentery and other maladies. These uses, however, depended on the doctrine of signatures alone, its scarlet color and blood-like juice being interpreted as providential indications of its curative destination for all injuries or diseases accompanied by bleeding. It was jealously guarded by the Knights of Malta.

Cynosarges, sī-nō-sär'jēz, in ancient Athens, originally the name of a sanctuary of Hercules and a gymnasium in the east of the city, afterward extended to the suburb of Athens surrounding the gymnasium. It was in this gymnasium that Antisthenes, the founder of the Cynics, taught.

Cynoscephalæ, sin-os-sef'a-lē (Gr. signifying dogs' heads), the name of a range of hills in Thessaly, memorable for two battles fought there in ancient times. The first was 364 B.C., between the Thebans and Alexander of Pheræ, in which Pelopidas was slain; and the second, 197 B.C., in which the last Philip of Macedon was defeated by the Roman consul Flaminius.

Cynosure, sin'ō- or si'nō-shur, or Cynosura, an old name for the constellation of the Little Bear or Ursa Minor, which contains the pole star in the tip of the tail. Cynosure, in a figurative sense, is hence used as equivalent to something which attracts general attention or draws all eyes toward it. The word literally means dog's tail.

Cynosu'rus, a genus of grasses. See DOG'S-TAIL GRASS.

Cynthia, the moon; a surname of Artemis or Diana, the moon goddess. In mythology Mount Cynthus, on the island of Delos, is said to have been the birthplace of Diana.

Cynthiana, sin-thi-a'na, Ky., city, countyseat of Harrison County, on the south fork of the Licking River and on the Kentucky Central Railroad; 33 miles northeast of Lexington. It is a trade centre for farming and stock raising, and is the seat of Harrison Female College. It has carriage, plow, and cigar factories, distilleries (noted for their Bourbon whiskey), good schools, public library, two national banks, and several newspapers. Pop. about 3,500.

Cynthius, surname of Apollo, the sun god, from Mount Cynthus, on the island of Delos, at the foot of which he had a temple, and on which he was born. Diana, his sister, is called Cynthia.

Cyperaceæ, si-pë-rā'sē-e, a natural order of monocotyledonous plants including 2,000 species. These herbaceous plants generally grow in moist places on the margins of lakes and streams, with a cylindrical or triangular culm with or without knots; the leaves are sheathing. The order comprises the genera Carex, Scirpus, Cyperus, Schænus, Mariscus, Papyrus, and oth

ers.

Cyperus, si-pe'rus, a genus of perennial herbs of the natural order Cyperaceæ (q.v.). The numerous species which are natives of tropical and temperate climates are characterized by having rootstocks or tubers, grass-like leaves, simple stems sparsely leafy below, perfect flowers in small compressed spikes which are arranged in compound umbels with numerous more or less attenuated bracts which have suggested the popular names umbrella plant and umbrella palm, which are perhaps most frequently given to C. alternifolius. This species is a very popular window garden and greenhouse plant, native of Madagascar. It is readily propagated by means of seed or by division of the larger plants and is easily cultivated in any good potting soil kept moist. It does best in a moist atmosphere. Many of the species are troublesome weeds in cultivated fields; some