3. Unguentum Stramonii.-Stramonium Ointment. Abv.-Ung. HYOSCYAMUS HYOSCYAMUS. Abv.-Hyos. Synonym.-Henbane. The dried leaves and flowering or fruiting tops of Hyoscyamus niger Linné (Fam. Solanacea), yielding not less than 0.065 per cent. of the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. Habitat.— Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of North America. CHARACTERS.-Usually much wrinkled, with numerous stems and with the flowering or fruiting tops intermixed; leaves when entire attaining a length of 25 cm., a breadth of 10 cm., ovate, or ovate-oblong, very inequilateral, the lower with short petioles, the upper sessile, summits acute, margins coarsely and angularly 1- to 4-toothed or lobed, grayish-green, glandular-hairy, particularly on the lower surfaces; flowers nearly sessile, with an urn-shaped, unequally 5-toothed 'calyx and a campanulate corolla, which in the fresh state is of a yellowish color; fruit a 2-locular pyxis, and enclosed in a large urn-shaped calyx with 5 acute teeth; odor heavy, distinctive; taste somewhat bitter and acrid. Stems from 3 to 10 cm. in length and from 2 to 5 mm. in thickness, nearly cylindrical or somewhat compressed, longitudinally wrinkled and hairy. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are (1) Hyoscyamine, C17H23NO3 an alkaloid. It is very closely allied to the alkaloids of Belladonna and Stramonium (see pp. 120 and 123) and is also contained in many plants of the natural order Solanacea. It, like Atropine, with which it is isomeric, consists of Tropic Acid and Tropine. There is in commerce an amorphous impure Hyoscyamine, which is a dark brown extract-like fluid having a disagreeable odor. As it is much cheaper than the crystalline alkaloid, it is often used, but this as well as other specimens should be proscribed. (2) Scopolamine (Hyoscine), a white crystalline alkaloid. INCOMPATIBLES.-Vegetable acids, silver nitrate, lead acetate, alkalies. Dose, 0.250 gm. = 250 milligm. (4 gr.). Preparations 1. Extractum Hyoscyami.-Extract of Hyoscyamus. Abv.—Ext. Hyosc. By percolation and evaporation. It should yield not less than 0.22 per cent. nor more than 0.28 per cent. of the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. 2. Fluidextractum Hyoscyami.-Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus. Abv. -Fldext. Hyosc. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and water, and evaporation. It should yield not less than 0.0055 per cent. nor more than 0.0075 per cent. of the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. Dose, 0.2 mil (3 m). 3. Tinctura Hyoscyami.-Tincture of Hyoscyamus. Abv.-Tr. Hyoscy. Hyoscyamus, 100; Diluted Alcohol to 1000. By maceration and percolation. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). HYOSCYAMINÆ HYDROBROMIDUM.-Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide. Abv.-Hyoscamin. Hydrobr. C17H23O3NHBr=370.12. The hydrobromide of Hyoscamine, an alkaloid obtained from Hyoscyamus and other plants of the Solanacea. SOURCE. Prepared by dissolving 10 parts of Hyoscyamine in 11 parts of 25 per cent. Hydrobromic Acid, evaporating the solution, and crystallizing. CHARACTERS.-White, prismatic crystals, without odor. Great caution must be observed in tasting it, using only a very dilute solution. Solubility.—Very soluble in water; soluble in 2.5 parts of Alcohol, 2260 of Ether and 1.7 of Chloroform. IMPURITIES.-Atropine, scopolamine and other alkaloids, carbonizable im purities. 0.3 milligm. (200 gr.). HYDROBROMIDUM.-Scopolamine Dose, 0.0003 gm. SCOPOLAMINÆ Hydrobromide. Abv.-Scopolamin. Hydrobrom. Synonym.-Hyoscine Hydrobromide. C17H21O,N-HBr+3H2O=438.15. The Hydrobromide of lævorotatory Scopolamine, also known as Hyoscine, obtained from various plants of the Solanacea. SOURCE. Obtained by neutralizing the mother-liquors, from the seed of Hyoscyamus and Stramonium, remaining after removal of Hyoscyamine, with Hydrobromic Acid and adding Absolute Alcohol, when, after the lapse of some time, crystals of Scopolamine Hydrobromide will separate, and, which may be purified by recrystallization from hot Alcohol. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals, sometimes of large size, odorless, slightly efflorescent. Great care must be used in tasting it and then only in dilute solutions. Solubility.—In 1.5 parts of water, in 20 of Alcohol; slightly soluble in Chloroform; insoluble in Ether. IMPURITIES.-Apoatropine, morphine, foreign alkaloids, carbonizable impuri ties. Dose, 0.0003 gm. = 0.3 milligm. (1⁄200 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Hyoscyamus and its Alkaloids see p. 725. CANNABIS CANNABIS. Abv.-Cannab. Synonym.-Indian Hemp. Guaza. Garjah. The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa Linné or of the variety indica Lamarck (Fam. Moracea), freed from the thicker stems and large foliage leaves and without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent. of fruits or other foreign matter. Cannabis, made into a fluidextract in which 100 mils represent 100 gm. in this drug, when assayed biologically, produces incoordination when administered to dogs in a dose of not more than 0.03 mil of fluidextract per kilogramme of body weight. Habitat.-Asia; collected in India. CHARACTERS.—In dark green or greenish-brown and more or less agglutinated fragments, consisting of the short stem with their leaf-like bracts and pistillate flowers, some of the latter being replaced with more or less developed fruits; stems cylindrical, of varying length, not more than 3 mm. in diameter, longitudinally furrowed, light green to light brown, strigose-pubescent; leaves digitally compound; leaflets, when soaked in water and spread out, linearlanceolate, nearly sessile, margin deeply serrate; bracts ovate, pubescent, each enclosing one or more pistillate flowers, or more or less developed fruits; calyx dark green, pubescent and somewhat folded around the ovary or fruit; styles two, filiform and pubescent; ovary with a single campylotropous ovule; fruit light green to light brown, broadly ellipsoidal, about 3.5 mm. in length, finely wrinkled and slightly reticulated, odor agreeably narcotic; taste characteristic. COMPOSITION. The chief constituents are—(1) Cannabinon, a soft resin. (2) Choline, C6H15NO2, which is contained in (3) Tetanocannabine, and with alkalies gives (4) Cannabinine. (5) Cannabin, a brown, amorphous resin, said to be very active. INCOMPATIBLES.-Water (which precipitates the resin), caustic alkalies. Preparations 1. Extractum Cannabis.-Extract of Cannabis. Abv.-Ext. Cannab. When assayed biologically it produces incoordination when administered to dogs in dose of not more than 0.004 gm. of extract per kilogramme of body weight. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol, and evaporation. Dose, 0.010 gm. = 10 milligm. (% gr.). 2. Fluidextractum Cannabis.-Fluidextract of Cannabis. Abv. -Fldext. Cannabis. It is of the strength, when assayed biologically as Cannabis. By maceration, percolation with Alcohol, which is distilled off, and evaporation. Dose, 0.1 mil (11⁄2M). 3. Tinctura Cannabis.-Tincture of Cannabis. Abv.-Tr. Cannab. It is of the same strength when assayed biologically as Cannabis. By maceration and percolation. Dose, 0.75 mil (12 M). Haschisch is a confection of the drug. Gunjah, or Ganga, is the dried flowering tops of the cultivated female plants which are coated with resin. Churrus, or Charas, is the resin scraped from the leaves. Bhang, or Siddhi, is the dried leaves and stalks made with preserved fruits into a confection. In some provinces it means powdered Ganga made into a drink. often smoked like tobacco. For the Therapeutics of Cannabis see p. 744. CAFFEINA Ganga and Charas are CAFFEINE. C8H10O2H4+H2O or CыH(CH3)3O2N4+H2O=212.14. Synonyms.-Theine. Guaranine. A feebly basic substance [C5H(CH3)3′′ O2N4 + H2O], obtained from the leaves of Thea sinensis Linné (Fam. Ternstræmiacea), or from the seeds of Coffea arabica Linné (Fam. Rubiacea); also occurring in other plants; or prepared synthetically. Habitat.-Tropical Africa; cultivated in tropical countries. SOURCE.-Exhaust bruised coffee by successive portions of boiling water, precipitate with Lead Acetate, decompose the excess of Lead Acetate in the filtrate by Hydrogen Sulphide, concentrate by evaporation, neutralize with Ammonia. The Caffeine crystallizes on cooling, and is purified by re-dissolving in water, treating with Animal Charcoal, and evaporation. Commercially it is prepared almost exclusively from tea and tea dust or sweepings. CHARACTERS.-White, flexible, silky glistening needles, usually matted together in fleecy masses, odorless, and having a bitter taste; efflorescent in dry air. Solubility. In 46 parts of water, 66 of Alcohol, 530 of Ether, and 5.5 of Chloroform. Tea contains 3 to 5 per cent., Coffee, 1.3 per cent. (coffee leaves contain much more), Guarana (the seeds of Paullinia Cupana), 4 per cent. Maté (Paraguay tea, the leaves of Ilex paraguayensis), 1.2 per cent., Kola nut (which is used as a beverage in Africa), 3 per cent.; this is the fruit of Sterculia acuminata. Caffeine is trimethyl-xanthine, Theobromine is dimethyl-xanthine, and both can be prepared synthetically from xanthine. IMPURITIES. Other alkaloids, organic impurities. INCOMPATIBLES.-Potassium iodide, mercury salts, tannic acid. Physiological Incompatibles.-Hydrated chloral, morphine, physostigmine. = 1. Caffeina Citrata.-Citrated Caffeine. Abv.-Caffein. Cit. It contains, when dried to constant weight, not less than 48 per cent. of anhydrous Caffeine (C8H10O2N4 194.12.) Dissolve Citric Acid, 50, in hot Distilled Water, 100; add Caffeine, 50, and evaporate the resulting solution on a water-bath to dryness, constantly stirring towards the end of the operation. Reduce the product to a fine powder. CHARACTERS.-A white powder, odorless, and having a slightly bitter, acid taste. Solubility.-Citrated Caffeine forms a clear, syrupy solution with a small quantity of water but precipitates on dilution; upon further dilution this precipitate redissolves. IMPURITIES.-Tartaric acid. 2. Caffeina Citrata Effervescens.-Effervescent Citrated Caffeine; Abv.-Caff. Cit. Eff. It contains not less than 1.9 per cent. of anhydrous Caffeine (C8H10O2N4=194.12). Caffeine, 40; Citric Acid, 195; Sodium Bicarbonate, 570; Tartaric Acid, 300. Powder the Citric Acid and mix it intimately with the Citrated Caffeine and Tartaric Acid, then thoroughly incorporate the Sodium Bicarbonate. Place the mixed powders on a plate of glass or in a suitable dish, in an oven heated to between 93° and 104°C. (199.4° and 219.2°F.). When the mixture, by the aid of careful manipulation with a wooden spatula, has become moist rub it through a tinned-iron sieve, and dry the granules at a temperature not exceeding 54°C. Dose, 4 gm. (60 gr.). CAFFEINE SODIO-BENZOAS.-Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate. Abv.-Caff. Sod. Benz. A mixture of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate, containing, when dried to constant weight, not less than 46 per cent. nor more than 50 per cent. of anhydrous Caffeine (C8H10O2N = 194.12), the remainder being Sodium Benzoate (NaC7H5O2=144.04). CHARACTERS.-A white powder; odorless and having a slightly bitter taste. Solubility. In 1.1 parts of water, some Caffeine separating on standing; in 30 parts of Alcohol at 25°C. (77°F.); partly soluble in Chloroform. IMPURITIES.-Readily carbonizable organic water. Dose (by mouth), 0.3 gm. = 300 milligm. (5 gr.), (hypodermatic) 0.2 gm. 200 milligm. (3 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Caffeine see p. 727. GUARANA = GUARANA. Synonym.-Brazilian Cocoa. A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seeds of Paullinia Cupana Kunth (Fam. Sapindacea), yielding not less than 4 per cent. of Caffeine. Habitat.-Northern and Western Brazil. CHARACTERS. Usually in cylindrical sticks, about 3 to 5 cm. in diameter, externally dark reddish-brown; hard and heavy; fracture uneven, often fissured in the centre, internally pale reddish-brown, showing more or less coarse fragments of seeds and occasionally their blackish-brown integuments; odor slight; taste slightly astringent, and bitter. COMPOSITION. The chief constituents are (1) Caffeine (see p. 126), 4 per cent.; (2) Volatile Oil, a trace; (3) Saponin; (4) Tannic Acid. Dose, 2 gm. (30 gr.). Preparation Fluidextractum Guaranæ.-Fluidextract of Guarana. Abv.-Fldext. Guaran. It should yield not less than 3.6 per cent. nor more than 4.4 per cent. of Caffeine. By maceration and percolation with diluted Alcohol, and evaporation. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). For the Therapeutics of Guarana see p. 733. CLASS II.-DRUGS ACTING CHIEFLY ON THE SPINAL CORD A. DRUGS WHICH EXCITE THE ANTERIOR CORNUA NUX VOMICA NUX VOMICA. Abv.-Nux Vom. Synonyms.-Poison Nut. Dog Button. Quaker Button. The dried, ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica Linné (Fam |