Dose, 10 mils (21⁄2 fl. dr.). For the Therapeutics of Triticum see p. 573. SABAL SABAL. Synonym.—Saw Palmetto Berries. The partially dried, ripe fruit of Serenoa serrulata (Michaux) Hooker filius (Fam. Palmæ). Habitat.—Southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. CHARACTERS.-Elipsoidal or ovoid, occasionally compressed, from 1.5 to 3 cm. in length and from 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter; externally brownish-black to bluish-black, smooth and somewhat oily, with a few large, more or less angular depressions, due to the contraction of the inner layer in drying, summit marked by a scar of the style, and the base either with a short stalk or stem-scar; epicarp and sarcocarp together forming a thin, coriaceous shell enclosing a hard but thin endocarp, which is externally reddish-brown and somewhat fibrous as is also the inner layer in the sarcocarp; inner layer of endocarp smooth, enclosing a hard, ellipsoidal or ovoid, somewhat flattened, reddish-brown seed; odor pronounced, aromatic; taste sweetish, aromatic, slightly acrid. COMPOSITION.-(1) Volatile Oil, having a green color and an odor resembling that of old cheese, 1⁄2 to 1 per cent. (2) Fixed Oils, one being of a light lemon color. and the other a greenish-brown, 12 to 15 per cent. (3) Resin. (4) Dextrin (5) Glucose. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). Preparation Fluidextractum Sabal.-Fluidextract of Sabal. Abv.- Fldext. Sabal. Synonym.-Fluidextract of Saw Palmetto. By maceration, percolation and concentration and dilution with alcohol and water. Dose, 1 mil (15 m). For the Therapeutics of Sabal see p. 572. BENZOINUM BENZOIN. Synonym.-Gum Benjamin. A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin Dryander, and some other species of Styrax (Fam. Styrace@). Habitat.-East Indies. CHARACTERS.-Sumatra Benzoin.-In blocks or lumps of varying size, made up of tears, compacted together with a reddish-brown, reddish-gray, or grayishbrown resinous mass; tears internally yellowish or rusty-brown, milky-white on fresh fracture; hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures, but softened by heat and becoming gritty on chewing; odor aromatic and upon digesting with boiling water, suggesting the odor of cinnamic acid or storax; taste aromatic and slightly acrid. Siam Benzoin. In pebble-like tears of variable size, compressed, yellowish-brown to rusty-brown externally, milky-white on fracture, separate or very slightly agglutinated; hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures but softened by heat and becoming plastic on chewing; odor agreeable, balsamic, vanilla-like; taste slightly acrid. Solubility.-Not less than 75 per cent. of Sumatra, and not less than 90 per cent. of Siam Benzoin dissolves in Alcohol; the alcoholic solution, upon the addition of water, becomes milky and is acid to litmus. COMPOSITION. The chief constituents are―(1) Benzoic Acid (see below), 12 to 20 per cent. (2) Cinnamic Acid, C,H,O2, a trace. (3) Resin. (4) Volatile Oil. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). Preparations 1. Adeps Benzoinatus.-Benzoinated Lard, Abv.-Adeps. Benz. Siam Benzoin, 10; Lard, 1000; by melting and straining. 2. Tinctura Benzoini. - Tincture of Benzoin. Abv.-Tr. Benz. Benzoin, 200; by maceration and filtration with Alcohol to 1000. Dose, 1 mil (15 m). 3. Tinctura Benzoini Composita.-Compound Tincture of Benzoin. Abv.-Tr. Benz. Co. Synonym.-Friar's Balsam. Benzoin, 100; Storax, 80; Balsam of Tolu, 40; Aloes, 20; by digestion with Alcohol, and filtration to 1000. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). ACIDUM BENZOICUM.-Benzoic Acid. Abv.-Ac. Benz. C7H6O2 = 122.05. An organic acid (C6H5COOH) obtained from Benzoin or prepared synthetically. It contains when dried to a constant weight not less than 99.5 per cent. of Benzoic Acid (CH, COOH) CHARACTERS.-In lustrous scales or friable needles. The synthetic Acid is white, odorless, or with a slight odor of Benzaldehyde; the natural Acid is white or yellowish, acquires a darker color on exposure to light, and has a slight odor of Benzoin. Benzoic Acid has a pungent taste, is somewhat volatile at moderately warm temperatures and freely volatile with steam. Solubility.— In 275 parts of water and 18 of boiling water; in 2.3 parts of Alcohol, 3 of Ether, and 4.5 of Chloroform; also in fixed or volatile oils. IMPURITIES.-Chlorine, cinnamic acid, readily carbonizable organic matters. Dose, 0.500 gm. 500 milligm. (8 gr.). = Benzoic Acid is contained in Tinctura Opii Camphorata. AMMONII BENZOAS.-Ammonium Benzoate. Abv.-Ammon. Benz. NH4C7H5O2 = 139.08. It contains not less than 98 per cent. of Ammonium Benzoate (C&H COONH1). SOURCE. Dissolve Benzoic Acid in Water of Ammonia and distilled water, and evaporate, set aside to crystallize. HC7H5O2+NH4OH=NH4C7H¿O2+ H2O. CHARACTERS.-Thin, white, laminar crystals or a crystalline powder, gradually losing ammonia on exposure to air; odorless or having a slight odor of Benzoic Acid, a saline, bitter, afterwards slightly acrid taste. Solubility. In about 10 parts of water and 35.5 of Alcohol, in about 8 parts of Glycerin. IMPURITIES.-Heavy metals, and those of benzoic acid. INCOMPATIBLES.-Ferric salts, acids, solution of potassium hydroxide. SODII BENZOAS.-Sodium Benzoate. Abv.-Sod. Benz. NaC7H502= 144.04. It should contain not less than 99 per cent. of Sodium Benzoate (CHCOONa). SOURCE.-Benzoic Acid is added to a hot concentrated solution of pure Sodium Carbonate, the solution is evaporated, cooled and allowed to crystallize. 2HC7H6O2+NaCO3 = 2NaC7H5O2+CO2+H2O. CHARACTERS.—A white, amorphous, granular or crystalline powder, odorless and having a sweetish taste; permanent in the air. Solubility.-In 1.8 parts of water, in 61 of Alcohol, and in 1.4 parts of boiling water. IMPURITIES.—Heavy metals and those of benzoic acid. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Benzoin, Benzoic Acid and the Benzoates see p. 575. GROUP VII.-Drugs Acting on Unstriped Muscle (Especially That of the Uterus) Ergot, Hydrastis, Parsley Fruit, Viburnum ERGOTA ERGOT. Synonyms.-Ergot of Rye. Spurred Rye. The carefully dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne (Fam. Hypocreacea), replacing the grain of rye, Secale cereale Linné (Fam. Graminea), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent. of seeds, fruits or other foreign matter. Habitat.-Spain and Russia. CHARACTERS.-Cylindraceous, obscurely three-angled, tapering towards both ends, obtuse, somewhat curved, from 1 to 4.5 cm. in length and from 3 to 5 mm. in thickness; externally purplish-black or brownish-black, longitudinally furrowed; fracture short, pinkish or reddish-white, sometimes grayish-white; odor peculiar, disagreeable, free from mustiness; taste oily and disagreeable. COMPOSITION. This has been in dispute, but from recent and probably reliable investigations the chief constituents are (1) Ergotoxine or hydrated Ergotine, C50H62N2O3, an amorphous alkaloid, bitter; soluble in Alcohol but insoluble in water. Tryamine (Para-hydroxyl-phenyl-ethylamine), an amorphous alkaloid, soluble in water and Alcohol. (3) Ergotine, and (4) Isoamyline, which are unimportant. (5) Ergotinic Acid. (6) Choline. (7) A fixed oil, 30 per cent. (8) Various Saponins. (9) Tannic Acid. Dose, 2 gm. (30 gr.). Preparations 1. Extractum Ergotæ.-Extract of Ergot. Abv.-Ext. Ergot. Synonym.-Ergotin. Ergot, 1000; Hydrochloric Acid, 10; Purified Petro sufficient quantity. By The percolate is rejected, Mix 850 mils of Alcohol leum Benzin, Alcohol and water, each, a percolation with Purified Petroleum Benzin. the Ergot is dried by exposure to the air. with 150 mils of water, add the Hydrochloric Acid, macerate and percolate; distil off the Alcohol, evaporate the residue to pilular consistence. INCOMPATIBLES.-Astringents, metallic salts in solution. Dose, 0.250 gm. = 250 milligm. (4 gr.). 2. Fluidextractum Ergotæ. - Fluidextract of Ergot. Abv.— Fldext. Ergot. By maceration and percolation with Hydrochloric Acid and Diluted Alcohol, and evaporation. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). For the Therapeutics of Ergot see p. 795. HYDRASTIS HYDRASTIS. Synonyms.-Golden Seal. Yellow Puccoon. The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis Linné (Fam. Ranunculacea), without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent. of the stems, leaves or other foreign matter. It should yield not less than 2.5 per cent. of the ehter soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. Habitat.-North America, west to Missouri and Arkansas, in woodlands. CHARACTERS.-Rhizome horizontal or oblique, subcylindrical and usually more or less flexuous, from 1 to 5 cm. in length, and from 2 to 7 mm. in diameter, occasionally with stem-bases; externally yellowish or grayish-brown, marked by numerous stem-scars and more or less annulate from scars of budscales, otherwise deeply longitudinally wrinkled; on the under and lateral portions arise numerous, long, filiform roots which are easily detached; fracture short, waxy; internally of a deep yellow color and consisting mostly of parenchyma enclosing an interrupted circle in small fibro-vascular bundles; odor distinctive; taste bitter. COMPOSITION.-It contains-(1) Berberine, C20H1704N, an alkaloid existing as yellowish prismatic crystals, which is formed in many plants (Calumba, Xanthoxylum, etc.), chiefly in the families Menispermaceæ, and Ranunculaceæ. (2) Hydrastine (see p. 178). (3) Canadine, C21H21NO4, in white needles. Dose, 2 gm. (30 gr.). Preparations 1. Extractum Hydrastis.-Extract of Hydrastis. Abv.-Ext. Hydrast. Synonym.-Extract of Golden Seal. It yields not less than 9 per cent, nor more than 11 per cent. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. By maceration and percolation with Tartaric Acid, 5; in Alcohol, 1,000; distillation of the Alcohol, evaporation, addition of Magnesium Oxide (1 part) Starch (3 parts), 50; and drying. Dose, 0.5 gm. = 500 milligm. (8 gr.). 2. Fluidextractum Hydrastis.-Fluidextract of Hydrastis. Abv.Fldext. Hydrast. It contains not less than 1.8 per cent. nor more than 2.2 per cent. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol, Glycerin and water, and evaporation. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). 3. Glyceritum Hydrastis.-Glycerite of Hydrastis. It should yield not less than 1.12 per cent. nor more than 1.37 per cent. of the ethersoluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. Hydrastis, by percolation and maceration with Alcohol; distil off the Alcohol, add ice-cold water, filter, and to the filtrate add an equal volume of Glycerin. Dose, 2 mils (30 M). 4. Tinctura Hydrastis.-Tincture of Hydrastis. Abv.-Tr. Hydrast. It yields not less than 0.36 per cent. nor more than 0.44 per cent. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. Hydrastis, 200, by macerration and percolation with Alcohol and water to 1000. Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). HYDRASTINA.-Hydrastine. C2H21O6N=383.18. An alkaloid obtained from Hydrastis, or prepared synthetically. CHARACTERS.-White to creamy white, glistening prisms, or as a white microcrystalline powder; permanent in the air. Solubility.—Almost insoluble in water; soluble in 170 parts of Alcohol, 175 of Ether, and 1.4 of Chloroform at 25°C. (77°F.); and soluble in 22 parts of Alcohol at 60°C. (140°F.); freely soluble in Benzene. IMPURITY.-Hydrastinine. Dose, 0.010 gm. = 10 milligm. (% gr.). HYDRASTINÆ HYDROCHLORIDUM.-Hydrastine Hydrochloride. Abv. -Hydrastin. Hydrochlor. C21H21O6N-HCl=419.65. The hydrochloride of the alkaloid Hydrastine. SOURCE. By action of Hydrochloric Acid upon the alkaloid Hydrastine. CHARACTERS.—A white creamy-white powder, odorless, and hygroscopic. Solubility. Very soluble in water and in Alcohol; slightly soluble in Chloroform; very slightly soluble in Ether. Dose, 0.01 gm. = 10 milligm. (% gr.). HYDRASTININÆ HYDROCHLORIDIUM.-Hydrastinine Hydrochloride. Abr.-Hydrastinin. Hydrochlor. C11H11O6N HCl=225.57. The Hydro chloride of Hydrastinine, an alkaloid obtained by the oxidation of Hydrastine. SOURCE. By acting upon Hydrastine by oxidizing agents, as when Manganese Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid are used together, or when Platinic Chloride is employed. CHARACTERS.-Light yellowish needles, or a yellowish-white crystalline pow der without odor. Solubility.—Very soluble in water and Alcohol; in 195 parts of Chloroform and 1820 of Ether, at 25°C. (77°F.) Dose, 0.030 gm. = 30 milligm. (1⁄2 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Hydrastis see p. 799. |