CHARACTERS.-A colorless, thin liquid, having a rather agreeable thyme-like odor, and an aromatic, somewhat terebinthinate taste. Sp. gr., from 0.860 to 0.865. Solubility.-Slightly soluble in Water; soluble in 3 parts of Alcohol at 25°C. (77°F.). On exposure to light and air it gradually becomes resinified, and acquires an acid reaction. IMPURITIES.-Unaltered oil of turpentine, rosin, resinous substances, acids. INCOMPATIBLES.-The same as of Turpentine, see p. 609. Dose, 0.25 mil (4 m). For the Therapeutics of Terebene see p. 609. TERPINI HYDRAS TERPIN HYDRATE. Abv.-Terpin. Hyd. C10H18(OH)2+H2O=190.18. The Hydrate of the dihydric Alcohol Terpin. SOURCE.-Rectified Oil of Turpentine, Alcohol and Nitric Acid are allowed to stand together for three or four days in shallow porcelain dishes. The crystals which have formed are collected, drained thoroughly, dried by absorbent paper, and re-crystallized in a cold solution of Alcohol. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, lustrous, rhombic prisms, nearly odorless, and having a slightly aromatic and somewhat bitter taste. Efflorescent in dry air. Solubility. Soluble in about 200 parts water; in 13 of Alcohol; in about 140 parts of Ether, 135 parts of Chloroform, at 25°C. (77°F.); also soluble in 34 parts of boiling water, in 3 parts of boiling Alcohol, and in about 1 part of boiling Glacial Acetic Acid. Dose, 0.25 gm. = 25 milligm. (4 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Terpin Hydrate see p. 609. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM BALSAM OF PERU. Abv.-Bals. Peruv. Synonym.-Peru Balsam. A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereira (Royle) Balillon (Fam. Leguminosa). Habitat.-Central America. Balsam of Peru is named from its place of export. SOURCE. It is prepared from the bark, after it has been beaten and scorched, by boiling in water and purification. CHARACTERS.-A viscid liquid of a dark brown color; free from stringiness or stickiness; transparent and reddish-brown in thin layers; of an agreeable vanillalike odor and a bitter, acrid taste, with a persistent after-taste. When swallowed, it leaves a burning sensation in the throat. It does not harden on exposure to the air. Sp. gr., 1.130 to 1.160. Solubility.—Soluble in Alcohol, Chloroform, or Glacial Acetic Acid with not more than a slight opalescence; only partially soluble in Ether or Petroleum Benzin. Water, when agitated with it, shows an acid reaction. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- —(1) A volatile oil, in large quantities; it consists of Benzylic Cinnamate, C,H7(C7H7) O2, about 60 per cent. (2) Cinnamic Acid, C,H8O. (3) Resin, about 32 per cent., which on dry distillation yields Benzoic Acid, HC,H2O2. Small quantities of (4) Benzylic Benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)O2, (5) Benzyl Alcohol, CH,O, (6) Stilbene, C14H12, (7) Styrol, C3H8, (8) Styracin or Cinnamyl Cinnamate, C,H,(C,H,)O2, and (9) Vanillin. IMPURITIES.-Fixed oils, fatty oils, rosin, acid resins, turpentine, storax, copaiba. For the Therapeutics of Balsam of Peru see p. 336. BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM BALSAM OF TOLU. Abv.-Bals. Tolu. Synonym.-Tolu Balsam. A balsam obtained from Toluifera Balsamum Linné (Fam. Leguminosa). Habitat.— Venezuela and New Granada. SOURCE. By incision of the bark, collection and purification. CHARACTERS.-A yellowish-brown, or brown plastic solid, becoming brittle when old, dried, or exposed to cold. It is transparent in thin layers; has a pleasant, aromatic odor resembling that of Vanilla, and a mild, aromatic taste. Solubility.—Soluble in Alcohol; in Chloroform and Ether; nearly insoluble in water and Petroleum Benzin. It is dissolved by solutions of the fixed alkalies, usually leaving an insoluble residue. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- -(1) Toluene, C7H8, 1 per cent.; a thin, colorless, aromatic oil. (2) Benzylic Benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)O2, a colorless, romatic oil. (3) Benzylic Cinnamate, C,H7(C7H7)O2. (4) Benzoic Acid, HC7H5O2. (5) Cinnamic Acid, HC,H,O2. (6) Vanillin. (7) Resins. IMPURITIES. Rosin, copaiba, saponifiable substances. Preparations 1. Syrupus Tolutanus.-Syrup of Tolu. Abv.-Syr. Tolu. Tincture of Tolu, 50; Magnesium Carbonate, 10; Sugar, 820; water to 1000. By solution and filtration. Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. dr.). 2. Tinctura Tolutana.-Tincture of Tolu. Abv.-Tr. Tolu. Syno nym.-Tolu Tincture. Balsam of Tolu, 200. By maceration with Alcohol and filtration to 1000. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). For the Therapeutics of Balsam of Tolu see p. 608. STYRAX STORAX. Synonym.-Liquid Storax. A balsam obtained from the wood and inner bark of Liquidambar orientalis Miller (Fam. Hamamelidaceœ). Habitat.-Asia Minor. CHARACTERS.-A semi-liquid, grayish, sticky, opaque mass, depositing on standing, a heavy, dark-brown stratum; transparent in thin layers, and having a characteristic odor and an acrid taste. Solubility.-Insoluble in water; com pletely soluble (with the exception of accidental impurities) in an equal weight of warm Alcohol; almost completely soluble in Ether, Acetone, Benzene or Carbon Disulphide. COMPOSITION. The chief constituents are-(1) Styrol, CsHs, a volatile oil. (2) Cinnamic Acid, C,H8O, colorless, odorless, crystalline; this can be oxidized to Benzoic Acid, and is also found in Balsams of Tolu and Peru. (3) Styracin or Cinnamyl Cinnamate, C,H7(C,H,)O2. (4) Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, C,H7(C9H17)O22. (5) Ethyl Cinnamate, C9H7(C2H5)O2. (6) Storesin, C36H5803, in considerable quantity. (7) Vanillin, having a fragrant odor. Dose, I gm. (15 gr.). Storax is contained in Tinctura Benzoini Composita. For the Therapeutics of Storax see p. 608. GRINDELIA. GRINDELIA Abv.-Grindel. The dried leaves and flowering tops of Grindelia camporum Greene, or Grindelia cuneifolia Nuttall, or of Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (Fam. Composite) without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent. of stems or other foreign matter. Habitat.—(1) G. camporum or cuneifolia, California, in marshes. (2) G. squarrosa, Western Plains to the Sierra Nevada and south to Texas. CHARACTERS.-Stems with attached branches and terminated with resinous flower-buds; stems cylindrical, not exceeding 2 mm. in diameter; light yellow or rose-colored, with alternate leaf-scars, occasionally with basal portions of leaves, sometimes more or less irregularly flexuous and coated with resin, especially at the nodes; leaves usually separate and more or less broken and varying in shape when entire from oblong, and lanceolate to oblanceolate-spatulate and cuneate-spatulate, from 1 to 7 cm. in length, mostly sessile or amplexicaul and more or less sharply serrate or evenly spinosely toothed, pale yellow to yellowishgreen, very resinous, somewhat coriaceous and brittle; bracts of flowering branches almost entire and usually more or less spreading; heads more or less resinous, viscid, many-flowered, either conical-urceolate or depressed-urceolate, involucres from 5 to 20 mm. in breadth, composed of numerous, imbricated bracts with more or less recurved tips; ray flowers yellow, ligulate and pistillate; disk-florets yellow, tubular and perfect; pappus of two or three mostly unequal linear awns about the length of the disk-florets; disk achenes more or less ovoid or oblong; more or less compressed or triquetrous, and either biauriculate or broadly unidentate or with a broad truncate, corky, thickened summit; odor balsamic; taste aromatic and bitter, resinous. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- -(1) A volatile oil. (2) A resin, resembling Saponin in its action. (3) Probably an alkaloid, Grindeline. Dose, 2 gm. (30 gr.). Preparation Fluidextractum Grindeliæ.-Fluidextract of Grindelia. Abv.-Fld ext. Grindel. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and water, Dose, 2 mils (30 m). For the Therapeutics of Grindelia see p. 610. CLASS III.-ACTING CHIEFLY ON THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT Pyrethrum, Clove, Eugenol, Oil of Pimenta, Pepper, Myristica, Cinnamon, Capsicum, Ginger, Cardamom Seed, Lavender, Peppermint, Menthol, Spearmint, Anise, Coriander, Fennel, Caraway, Matricaria, Red Rose. PYRETHRUM dried PYRETHRUM. Abv.-Pyreth. Synonym.-Pellitory Root. The root of Anacyclus pyrethrum (Linné) De Candolle (Fam. Composite). Habitat.— Highlands of Northern Africa. CHARACTERS.-Nearly cylindrical, slightly tapering, usually in pieces from 2.5 to 10 cm. in length and from 5 to 20 mm. in diameter; externally dark brown, deeply longitudinally furrowed and somewhat wrinkled, occasionally bearing short, tough, hair-like rootlets, crown more or less annulate, and occasionally tufted with coarse fibers or with long, soft-woolly, nearly straight, 1-celled hairs; fracture short; bark dark brown, with 1 or 2 circular rows of resin ducts, closely adhering to the light yellow, radiate, porous wood in the medullary rays of which occur 1 to 3 rows of resin ducts; odor distinct; taste sweetish, pungent, very acrid, tingling and producing a strong sialogogue effect. Resembling Pyrethrum.-Taraxacum, which is darker and has not a burning taste. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are (1) Two volatile oils. (2) An acrid, brown Resin. (3) Inulin, which in many plants replaces starch, 50 per cent. Dose, 2 gm. (30 gr.). Preparation Tinctura Pyrethri.-Tincture of Pyrethrum. Abv.-Tr. Pyreth. Pyrethrum, 200; by maceration and percolation with Alcohol to 1000. For the Therapeutics of Pyrethrum see p. 640. CARYOPHYLLUS CLOVE.—Abv.-Caryoph. The dried flower buds of Eugenia aromatica (Linné) O. Kuntze, Jambosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Nieden zu (Fam. Myrtacea), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent. of the peduncles, stems or other foreign matter. Habitat.-Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical countries. CHARACTERS. From 10 to 17.5 mm. in length, of a dark brown or brownishblack color, consisting of a stem-like, solid inferior ovary, obscurely four-angled or somewhat compressed, terminated by four calyx teeth, and surmounted by a nearly globular head, consisting of four petals, which enclose numerous curved stamens, and one style; odor strongly aromatic; taste pungent and aromatic, followed by slight numbness. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- -(1) Oleum Caryophylli (see below), 18 per cent. (2) Eugenin, C20H12O2, a crystalline body. (3) Caryophyllin, C10H16O, a neutral body isomeric with Camphor. 250 milligm. (4 gr.). Clove is contained in Tinctura Lavandula Composita and Tinctura Rhei Aromatica. OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI.—Oil of Clove. Abv.-Ol. Caryoph. A volatile oil distilled from the flower buds of Eugenia Aromatica (Linné) O. Kuntze, Jambosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu (Fam. Myrtacea), and yielding not less than 82 per cent. by volume of Eugenol (C10H12O2=164.10). CHARACTERS.-A colorless or pale yellow liquid, becoming darker and thicker by age and exposure to the air, having the characteristic odor and taste of Clove. Sp. gr., 1.038 to 1.060 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.—Soluble in 2 volumes of 70 per cent. of Alcohol. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- -(1) Eugenol (see below), which is found also in Oil of Pimenta (see below). (2) Caryophyllene, a terpene, C15H25. IMPURITY.-Phenol. INCOMPATIBLES.-Lime water, iron salts, mineral acids, gelatin. EUGENOL EUGENOL. C10H12O2=164.10.-An unsaturated, aromatic phenol (CH3.CзH¿·OCH, OH. 1:3:4) obtained from Oil of Clove and other sources. CHARACTERS.-A colorless, or pale yellow, thin liquid, having a strongly aromatic odor of Clove and a pungent and spicy taste. Exposure to air causes it to become darker and thicker. Sp. gr., from 1.064 to 1.070. Solubility.Miscible with Alcohol, Chloroform, Ether or fixed oils; it is soluble in twice its volume of 70 per cent. Alcohol. IMPURITY.-Phenol. Dose, 0.2 mil (3 m). For the Therapeutics of Clove see p. 633. OLEUM PIMENTÆ OIL OF PIMENTA. Abv.-Ol. Piment. Synonym.-Oil of Allspice. A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Pimenta officinalis Lindley (Fam. Myrtacea), yielding not less than 65 per cent., by volume, of Eugenol (C10H1202 164.10). = CHARACTERS.-A colorless, yellow, or reddish liquid, becoming darker with age, and having the characteristic odor and taste of Allspice. Sp. gr., 1.018 to 1.048 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.—Soluble in an equal volume of 90 per cent. Alcohol; also soluble in 2 volumes of 70 per cent. Alcohol. COMPOSITION.-(1) Eugenol, see p. above. (2) A sesquiterpene. For the Therapeutics of Oil of Pimenta see p. 634. |