with grayish patches of foliaceous lichens with their brownish-black apothecia, longitudinally wrinkled, also marked with small, broadly elliptical lenticels with more or less abraded patches of cork; inner surface light yellow to yellowishbrown, finely striate; fracture short, smooth, inner bark yellowish-green; odor slight; taste astringent, somewhat bitter and nauseous. The root bark is in transversely curved pieces; externally brownish-yellow to dark brown, with irregular patches of cork; internally dark yellow, the medullary rays extending nearly to the outer surface. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are (1) Pelletierine (Punicine), C8H13ON, 1⁄2 per cent., a colorless, oily, aromatic alkaloid, soluble in water, Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. (2) Three allied Alkaloids, Methyl-, Pseudo-, and Iso-punicine. (3) Punicotannic Acid, C20H16012, 20 per cent. INCOMPATIBLES.-Alkalies, lime water, metallic salts, gelatin. Preparation Fluidextractum Granati.-Fluidextract of Granatum. Abv.-Fldext. Granat. By percolation and maceration with Glycerin, Alcohol and water, and evaporation. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). PELLETIERINE TANNAS. Pelletierine Tannate.-Abv.-Pellet. Tann. A mixture in varying proportions of the tannates of four alkaloids (Punicine, Iso-punicine, Methyl-punicine, and Pseudo-punicine), obtained from Punica Granatum Linné (Fam. Punicacea). CHARACTERS.-A light yellow, odorless, amorphous powder, having an astringent taste and a weak acid reaction. Solubility.—In 240 parts of water, 16 parts of Alcohol, and 420 parts of Ether; insoluble in Chloroform; dissolved by warm dilute acids. IMPURITIES.-Foreign alkaloids. Dose, 0.250 gm. = 250 milligm. (4 gr.). PEPO PEPO. Synonym.-Pumpkin Seed. The dried ripe seeds of cultivated varieties of Cucurbita Pepo Linné (Fam. Cucurbitacea), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent. of other substances. Habitat.-Tropical Asia and America; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-Broadly elliptical or ovate, from 15 to 23 mm. in length and 2 to 3 mm. in thickness; externally yellowish-white, very smooth, occasionally with thin, transparent fragments of adhering pulp and with a shallow groove parallel to and within 1 mm. of the margin; fracture short, seed-coat consisting of a white coriaceous outer layer and a membranous inner layer occasionally of a dark green color; embryo whitish, straight, with a conical hypocotyl and two planoconvex cotyledons; slightly odorous when contused; taste bland and oily. COMPOSITION.-(1) Fixed oil, 44 per cent. (2) An acrid Resin, considered to be the tæniafuge. (3) Two proteids (Myosin and Vitellin). (4) Fatty Acids. Dose, 30 gm. (1 oz.). For the Therapeutics of Pepo see p. 340. SANTONINUM SANTONIN. C16H18O8=246.14. The inner anhydride or lactone of Santonic Acid obtained from Artemisia pauciflora (Ledebour) Weber (Fam. Composita). Source. By exhausting Santonica, mixed with Lime, with Diluted Alcohol, distilling off the Alcohol, and adding Acetic Acid to the residue. The precipitated Santonin is purified by dissolving it in Alcohol, treating with Animal Charcoal, and crystallizing. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, shining, flattened rhombic prisms or as a crystalline powder; odorless, and nearly tasteless at first, but afterwards developing a bitter taste; permanent in the air, but becomes yellow on exposure to light. Solubility.-In 43 parts of Alcohol, 110 of Ether, and 1.7 of Chloroform at 25°C. (77°F.); very slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in boiling water. IMPURITIES.-Alkaloids, readily carbonizable organic impurities. Dose, 0.06 gm. 60 milligm. (1 gr.). = For the Therapeutics of Santonica see p. 340. SPIGELIA SPIGELIA. Synonym.—Pink Root. The dried rhizome and roots of Spigelia marilandica Linné (Fam. Loganiace@), without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent. of stems or other foreign matter. Habitat.-Southern United States; westward to Texas and Wisconsin, in rich woods. CHARACTERS.-Rhizome horizontal or slightly oblique, more or less flexuous, somewhat branched, from 1.5 to 5 cm. long, and from 2 to 5 mm. in diameter; externally dark brown, slightly annulate, with scars of bud-scales, the upper surface knotty from approximate stem-bases, bearing cup-shaped scars; from the lower and lateral portions arise numerous long, rather coarse, sparingly branched, brittle roots; fracture short, internally differentiated into three nearly equal zones of pith, wood and bark; odor slightly aromatic; taste bitter, pungent. Resembling Spigelia, root.—Phlox Carolina, but the rootlets are brownish-yellow, rather coarse, straight, and contain a straw-colored wood underneath a readily removable bark. COMPOSITION. (1) Spigeline, a volatile alkaloid. (2) A little volatile oil. (3) Bitter principle. (4) Resin. Dose, 4 gm. (60 gr.). Preparation Fluidextractum Spigeliæ.-Fluidextract of Spigelia. Abv.-Fldext. Spigel. By maceration and percolation with Diluted Alcohol, and evaporation. Dose, 5 mils (1 fl. dr.). For the Therapeutics of Spigelia see p. 342. OLEUM CHENOPODII OIL OF CHENOPODIUM. Abv.-Ol. Chenopod. Synonym.-Oil of American Wormseed. A volatile oil distilled from Chenopodium ambrosioides anthelminticum Linné (Fam. Chenopodiacea). Habitat.—Naturalized in the United States. CHARACTERS.-A colorless or pale yellowish liquid, having a characteristic disagreeable odor and taste. Sp. gr., 0.955 to 0.980 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.—It is soluble in 8 volumes of 70 per cent. Alcohol. Dose, 0.2 mil (3 M). For the Therapeutics of Oil of Chenopodium see p. 343. STAPHISAGRIA STAPHISAGRIA. Abv.-Staphisag. Synonym.-Stavesacre. The ripe seeds of Delphinium Staphisagria Linné (Fam. Ranunculacea), without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent. of foreign vegetable matter. Habitat. -Basin of the Mediterranean; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-Irregularly triangular, or somewhat tetrahedral, one side being convex, from 4 to 7 mm. in length and from 3 to 6 mm. in breadth; externally dark brown, becoming lighter with age, and coarsely reticulate; easily cut, showing a somewhat light brown, oily endosperm, enclosing a small, embryo at the pointed end; odor slight, disagreeable; taste intensely bitter and acrid. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are (1) Delphinine, C22H35O6N, a white crystalline poisonous alkaloid, soluble in Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform, resembling Aconite in its action. (2) Delphinoidine, C42H68O7N2, an amorphous alkaloid; solubility as of Delphinine. (3) Delphisine, C27H46ON2, a crystalline alkaloid of the same solubility, (4) Staphisagrine, C22H32O5N, an alkaloid but slightly soluble in water. (5) Fixed oil, 25 per cent. Dose, 0.06 gm. = 60 milligm. (1 gr.). Preparation Fluidextractum Staphisagriæ.-Fluidextract of Staphisagria. Abv. -Fldext. Staphisag. Synonym.-Fluidextract of Stavesacre. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol, and evaporation. For the Therapeutics of Staphisagria see p. 345. CHRYSAROBINUM CHRYSAROBIN. Abv.-Chrysarob. Synonyms.-Rhein. Chrysaphan (see p. 160). A mixture of neutral principles extracted from Goa (or Araroba) Powder, a substance found deposited in the wood of Vouacapoua Araroba (Aguiar) Druce (Fam. Leguminosa). Habitat.-Brazil CHARACTERS.-A brownish orange-yellow, micro-crystalline powder, tasteless, odorless, and irritating to the mucous membrane. Solubility.—In 385 parts of Alcohol, 30 of Benzene, 12.5 of Chloroform, 16 of Ether, 30 of Benzene, and 180 of Carbon Disulphide at 25°C. (77°F.); very slightly soluble in water, and in boiling water; it dissolves in solutions of fixed alkali hydroxides, producing a red liquid. IMPURITY.-Chrysaphanic acid. Dose, 0.030 gm. = 30 milligm. (1⁄2 gr.). Preparation Unguentum Chrysarobini.-Chrysarobin Ointment. Abv.-Ung. For the Therapeutics of Chrysarobin see p. 343. GROUP XIV.-Drug Used for Flavoring Agent VANILLINUM VANILLIN. C,H,O=152.06. Methylprotocatechuic Aldehyde (C ̧H ̧·OH·· OCH, COH4:3:1), occurring naturally in Vanilla, or prepared synthetically-. SOURCE. It may be prepared synthetically from several orthodihydroxybenzene derivatives. CHARACTERS.-Fine white, or only very slightly yellowish, crystalline needles, having the odor and taste of Vanilla. Solubility.-In 100 parts of water; at 25°C. (77°F.); also in 16 parts water at 80°C. (176°F.); freely soluble in Alcohol, Glycerin, Ether, or Chloroform. IMPURITY.-Acetanilid. Dose, 0.030 gm. = 30 milligm. (1⁄2 gr.). For the Uses of Vanilla see p. 827. GROUP XV.-Drug Used for Coloring Agent SANTALUM RUBRUM RED SAUNDERS. Abv.-Santal. Rub. The heart-wood of Pterocarpus santalinus Linné filius (Fam Leguminosa). Habitat.-Madras; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-Usually in the form of a coarse powder, of a brownish-red or dark saffron color and nearly odorless and tasteless. Resembling Red Saunders. -Logwood, which is less dense. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- —(1) needles. (2) Santal, CsH6Oз, in colorless scales. (4) Homopterocarpin, C24H24O6, in colorless crystals. Santalin, C1sH14Os, in red (3) Pterocarpin, C20H1606. Red Saunders is contained in Tinctura Lavandula Composita. For the Uses of Red Saunders see p. 827. GROUP XVI.-Drugs Whose Action is Mechanical Purified Cotton, Pyroxylin, Oil of Theobroma, Lycopodium GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM PURIFIED COTTON. Abv.-Gossyp. Purif. Synonym.-Absorbent Cotton. The hairs of the seed from one or more of the cultivated varieties of Gossypium herbaceum Linné (Fam. Malvacea), freed from adhering impurities and linters and deprived of fatty matter. Habitat.—Tropical Asia and Africa. CHARACTERS.-White, soft, fine filaments, appearing under the microscope as hollow, flattened and twisted bands, spirally striate, and slightly thickened at the edges; inodorous and almost tasteless; insoluble in ordinary solvents, but soluble in an ammonia solution of Cupric Oxide. IMPURITIES.-Fatty matter, alkalies, acids, resins and soap. PYROXYLINUM.-Pyroxylin. Synonym.-Soluble Gun Cotton. A product obtained by the action of a mixture of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids on Cotton, and consisting chiefly of Cellulose Tetranitrate, C12H16(ONO2)4O6=504.17 SOURCE. Purified Cotton, 100; is immersed in a mixture of Sulphuric, 2200; and Nitric Acids, 1400; washed with a large quantity of Water, drained and dried. CHARACTERS.—A yellowish-white, matted mass of filaments, resembling raw cotton in appearance, harsh to the touch; exceedingly inflammable, burning, when unconfined, very rapidly with a luminous flame; less explosive than Cellulose Hexanitrate. Solubility.-Slowly but completely in 25 parts of a mixture of 3 volumes of Ether and 1 volume of Alcohol; soluble in Acetone and in Glacial Acetic Acid and precipitated from these solutions on the addition of water. Preparations 1. Collodium.-Collodion. Abv.-Collod. Pyroxylin, 40; dissolved in Ether, 750; and Alcohol, 250. By mixture of solutions and decantation. 2. Collodium Cantharidatum.-Cantharidal Collodion. Abv.-Collod. Canth. Synonyms.-Blistering Collodion. Vesicating Collodion. Cantharides, 60; Glacial Acetic Acid, 5; by percolation with Acetone, 55; evaporation and solution of residue in Flexible Collodium, 85. 3. Collodium Flexile.-Flexible Collodion. Collodion, 950; Camphor, 20; Castor Oil, 30. For the Uses of Cotton see p. 533. OLEUM THEOBROMATIS OIL OF THEOBROMA. Abv.-Ol. Theobrom. Synonym.-Cacao Butter. A concrete fixed oil obtained from the roasted seeds of Theobroma Cacao Linné (Fam. Sterculiacea). Habitat.-South America. |