CHARACTERS.-A yellowish-white solid, having a faint, agreeable odor, and a bland, chocolate-like taste. Sp. gr., about 0.973 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.Freely soluble in Ether, Chloroform, or Benzene; slightly in Alcohol and soluble in boiling Dehydrated Alcohol.

COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- —(1) Theobromine, an alkaloid, C7H8O2N4. (2) Stearin. (3) Olein. (4) Formic, Acetic and Butyric Acid Glycerides.

IMPURITIES.-Wax, stearin, tallow.

For the Uses of Oil of Theobroma see p. 533.

LYCOPODIUM

LYCOPODIUM. Abv.-Lycopod. Synonyms.-Vegetable Sulphur. Club Moss. The spores of Lycopodium clavatum Linné (Fam. Lycopodiacea), without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent. of impurities. Habitat.Europe, Asia and North America, in dry woods.

CHARACTERS.-A light yellow, very mobile powder, nearly inodorous, and tasteless. It is not wetted by the water but floats upon it; when boiled with water it sinks; when thrown into a flame, it burns with a quick flash.

COMPOSITION. (1) Fixed oil, 47 to 49 per cent. (2) Sugar, 2 per cent. (3) A volatile base, Methylamine, in minute quantities.

IMPURITIES.-Pollen, starch and sand.

For the Uses of Lycopodium see p. 829.

DIVISION III.-DRUGS DERIVED FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

GROUP I.-Drug Acting Chiefly on the Nervous System

MOSCHUS

MUSK. Abv.-Mosch. Synonyms.-Tonquin Musk. Deer Musk. The dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the deer, Moschus moschiferus Linné (Fam. Moschide). Habitat.-Central Asia..

CHARACTERS.-Usually in small irregular granules, not more than 2 mm. in thickness, blackish with a few brown fragments, and becoming somewhat grayish with aging; glistening and somewhat oily; odor peculiar, penetrating, powerful and persistent; taste somewhat bitter. Solubility.-Not less than 50 per cent. is soluble in water; not less than 10 per cent. is soluble in Alcohol.

COMPOSITION. (1) Ammonia. (2) An acid. (3) Cholesterin. (4) Fats and Oils. (5) Wax. (6) Gelatinous and albuminous principles. The odoriferous principle has not been isolated, but it is probably a product of decomposition,

being constantly formed; complete drying destroys the odor, but it returns after water is added.

IMPURITIES.-Dried blood, rosin, starch, lead and other substances.
Dose, 0.250 gm. = 250 milligm. (4 gr.).

Preparation

Tinctura Moschi.-Tincture of Musk. Abv.-Tr. Mosch. Musk, 5; Alcohol, 45; Water, 45; by maceration and filtration with Diluted Alcohol, to 100.

Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.).

For the Therapeutics of Musk see p. 454.

GROUP II.-The Purgatives

Oxgall, Honey

FEL BOVIS

OXGALL.-The fresh bile of the ox, Bos Taurus Linné (Fam. Bovida). Habitat.-Domesticated.

CHARACTERS.—A brownish-green or dark green, somewhat viscid liquid, having a characteristic odor, and a disagreeable, bitter taste. Sp. gr., 1.015 to 1.025 at 25°C. (77°F.).

Preparation

Extractum Fellis Bovis.-Extract of Oxgall. Abv.-Ext. Fel. Bov. Oxgall, 800; mix with Alcohol, 1000; macerate and decant, add Alcohol, 500; to the residue, decant and add it to the previous decantation and filter the mixture, distill off the Alcohol, and evaporate to a thick extract, at 75° to 80°C. (167° to 176°F.), spread upon glass plates and dry in warm air, at not exceeding 70°C. (156.2°F.), reduce to powder and add sufficient starch, dried at 100°C. (212°F.); to make 100. Solubility.-Very soluble in water and in Alcohol. Dose, 0.10 gm. = 100 milligm. (11⁄2 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Oxgall see p. 661.

MEL

HONEY.-A saccharine secretion deposited in the honey-comb by the bee, Apis mellifera Linné (Fam. A pida). Habitat.-Domesticated.

CHARACTERS.-A thick, syrupy liquid of a light yellowish or yellowish-brown color, translucent when fresh, but gradually becoming opaque and crystalline, having a characteristic odor, and a sweet, faintly acrid taste.

COMPOSITION. The chief constituents are—(1) Dextrose or Grape Sugar. (2) Glucose or Fruit Sugar. (3) Wax. (4) Volatile oil. (5) Formic Acid, a minute quantity.

IMPURITIES.-Chlorides, sulphates, starch, dextrins, sugar, artificial or added invert sugar, azo dyes, foreign coloring matter.

Preparation

Mel Depuratum.-Clarified Honey. Abv.-Mel Depurat. Heat Honey on a water-bath, with 2 per cent. of shredded paper pulp,at not exceeding 70°C. (158°F.), remove the scum from the surface, add enough water to make up the loss incurred by evaporation, strain and add 5 per cent. by weight, of Glycerin. Sp. gr., 1.095, when diluted with twice its weight of water at 25°C. (77°F.).

Clarified Honey is contained in Massa Ferri Carbonatis, and Mel Rosæ.

For the Therapeutics of Honey see p. 653.

GROUP III. The Digestants

Pepsin, Pancreatin

PEPSINUM

PEPSIN.-A mixture containing a proteolytic ferment, or enzyme, obtained from the glandular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog, Sus scrofa, var. domesticus Gray (Fam. Suida). It digests not less than 3000 times its own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated Egg Albumin. Pepsin of a higher digestive power may be brought to this standard by admixture with Pepsin of a lower digestive strength or with Sugar of Milk. Habitat.-Domesticated.

SOURCE. The mucous membrane of a pig's stomach, dissected off and finely chopped, is macerated in water, acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid for several days, with frequent stirring. The strained liquor is decanted and Sodium Chloride mixed with it. After several hours the floating mixture is skimmed from the surface and placed in cotton cloth to drain, and finally submitted to strong pressure to get rid of the saline solution.

CHARACTERS.-Lustrous white, pale yellow or yellowish, transparent or translucent scales, grains or spongy masses, or a fine white or cream-colored, amorphous powder, free from any offensive odor, and having a slightly acid or saline taste. It is not more than slightly hygroscopic. Solubility.—Soluble, in about 50 parts of water, the solution being more or less opalescent; nearly insoluble in Alcohol, Ether or Chloroform.

Dose, 0.500 gm. = 500 milligm. (8 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Pepsin see p. 643.

PANCREATINUM

PANCREATIN. Abv.-Pancreat. Synonym.-Zymine. A mixture of the enzymes, consisting chiefly of Amylopsin, Trypsin and Steapsin, found in the pancreas of warm-blooded animals and obtained from the fresh pancreas of the hog, Sus scrofa, var. domesticus Gray (Fam. Suidæ), or of the ox, Bos taurus

Linné (Fam. Bovida). It converts not less than 25 times its own weight of starch into soluble carbohydrates. Pancreatin of a higher digestive power may be brought to this standard by admixture with Sugar of Milk. Habitat.Domesticated.

SOURCE.-Macerate the cut-up pancreas in water acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid for forty-eight hours, add a saturated solution of Sodium Chloride, allow to stand until the Pancreatin rises to the surface; skim off this, drain in a muslin filter, wash with a less concentrated solution of salt until nearly dry, then rub up with Sugar of Milk, dry thoroughly without heat, and dilute with Sugar of Milk, until 0.60 gm. (10 gr.) will just emulsify 8 mils (2 fl. dr.) of Cod Liver Oil.

CHARACTERS.—A cream-colored, amorphous powder, having a faint characteristic, but not offensive odor. Solubility.-Slowly and incompletely soluble in water; insoluble in Alcohol.

LARD.—The purified internal fat of the abdomen of the hog, Sus scrofa, var. domesticus Gray (Fam. Suida). Habitat.-Domesticated .

CHARACTERS.-A soft, white unctuous solid having a faint odor and a bland taste. Solubility.-Insoluble in water; very slightly soluble in Alcohol; readily in Ether, Chloroform, Carbon Disulphide or Petroleum Benzin. It melts at 36° to 42°C. (98.6° to 107.6°F.), to a clear liquid, from which no aqueous layer should separate.

COMPOSITION.-(1) Olein, 60 per cent. (2) Stearin. (3) Palmitin. Adeps Induratus (Indurated Lard), which is ordinary lard deprived of a portion of its oil by pressure, may be used in hot climates or when the high temperature renders ordinary lard too soft for use in ointments.

IMPURITIES.-Alkalies, chlorides, free fatty acids, cottonseed and other fats.

Preparations

1. Adeps Benzoinatus.-Benzoinated Lard. Abv.-Adeps. Benz. Siam Benzoin, 20; Lard, 1000; by melting and straining. For use in warm temperatures 50 gm. or more, if necessary, of White Wax may replace an equal quantity of Benzoinated Lard.

2. Ceratum.-Cerate. Abv.-Cerat. Synonym.-Simple Cerate. White Wax, 300; Benzoinated Lard, 700. For use in warm temperatures 50 gm. or more, if necessary, of White Wax may replace an equal quantity of Benzoinated Lard.

3. Ceratum Resinæ.-Rosin Cerate. Abv.-Cerat. Res. Synonym. -Basilicon ointment. Rosin, 350; Yellow Wax, 150; Lard, 500. In cold weather, Lard, 530; and Yellow Wax, 120; may be used.

4. Unguentum.-Ointment. Abv.-Ung. Synonym.-Simple Ointment. White Wax, 200; Benzoinated Lard, 800. For use in warm temperatures 50 gm. or more, if necessary, of White Wax may replace an equal quantity of Benzoinated Lard.

For the Therapeutics of Lard see p. 531.

ADEPS LANÆ

WOOL FAT.-Abv.-Adeps. Lan. Synonym.-Anhydrous Lanolin. The purified fat, freed from water of the wool of sheep Ovis Aries Linné (Fam. Bovida). Habitat.-Domesticated.

SOURCE.-Sheep's wool, washed with cold water, then subjected to heat and pressure, yields impure wool fat. This is purified by melting, washing with alkali, and then washed with an acid while it is heated.

CHARACTERS.-A light-yellow, tenacious, unctuous mass, having not more than a slight odor. Solubility. Insoluble in, but miscible with, about twice its weight of water; sparingly soluble in cold Alcohol; more soluble in hot Alcohol; freely soluble in Ether and in Chloroform. It melts between 38° and 42°C. (100.4° and 107.6°F.).

COMPOSITION. (1) Cholesterin and Isocholesterin, 70 per cent. (2) Several fatty acids, 30 per cent.

IMPURITIES.-Water, soaps, free alkalies, chlorides, free fatty acids, glycerin, petrolatum, soluble oxidizable impurities.

ADEPS LANÆ HYDROSUS

HYDROUS WOOL FAT. Abv.-Adeps Lan. Hyd. Synonyms.-Lanolin. Esypum. The purified fat of the wool of sheep, Ovis Aries Linné (Fam. Bovida), mixed with not less than 25 nor not more than 30 per cent. of water. SOURCE.-Sheep's wool is treated with a weak soda solution, and the solution acidulated. The remaining wool is treated with Benzin, the liquid distilled, and the residue deprived of color by oxidizing agents, or sunlight.

CHARACTERS.-A yellowish-white or nearly white, ointment-like mass, having not more than a slight odor. Solubility.-Insoluble in water; with Ether

or Chloroform it yields turbid solutions.

COMPOSITION. Its chief constituents are (1) Cholesterin, C26H43(OH). (2) Ethers of Stearic, Palmitic, Oleic, and other acids.

For the Therapeutics of Wool Fat see p. 531.

CETACEUM

SPERMACETI. Abv.-Cetac. A concrete, fatty substance, obtained from the head of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus Linné (Fam. Physeterida). Habitat.-Pacific and Indian Oceans.

CHARACTERS.-White, somewhat translucent, slightly unctuous masses with a scaly, crystalline fracture and a pearly luster, a very faint odor and a bland, mild