taste. It becomes yellowish in color and rancid on prolonged exposure to air. Sp. gr., 0.938 to 0.944 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.-Insoluble in water, and nearly so in cold Alcohol; soluble in boiling Alcohol, in Ether, Chloroform, Carbon Disulphide, or fixed or volatile oils; only slightly soluble in cold Petroleum Benzin.

COMPOSITION. It is mainly Cetylic Alcohol, C16H33OH, which in combination with Palmitic Acid, HC16H3102 forms a fat, Cetin, C16H33C16H3102. IMPURITES.-Paraffin, stearic acid.

Preparation

Unguentum Aquæ Rosæ.-Ointment of Rose Water. Abv.-Ung. Aq. Ros. Spermaceti, 125; White Wax, 120; Expressed Oil of Almond, 560; Sodium Borate, 5; Stronger Rose Water, 190.

For the Therapeutics of Spermaceti see p. 532.

GROUP V.-Drugs Which are Used Chiefly as Foods

Cod Liver Oil, Sugar of Milk, Gelatin

OLEUM MORRHUÆ

COD LIVER OIL. Abv. Ol. Morrh. Synonym.-Oleum Jecoris Aselli. A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of Gadus Morrhua Linné, and of other species of Gadus (Fam. Gadide). Habitat.-North Atlantic Ocean.

SOURCE. The fresh livers are slowly heated, and the oil is decanted from the water, and sometimes deprived of the solid fat by partial freezing.

CHARACTERS.—A pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor, and a fishy taste. Solubility.—Very slightly soluble in Alcohol; soluble in Ether, Chloroform, Carbon Disulphide or Ethyl Acetate. Sp. gr., 0.918 to 0.922 at 25°C. (77°F.).

COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- -(1) Olein, 70 per cent., which is a fluid fixed oil, and is Glycerin Oleate. (2) Palmitin, with some Stearin, 25 per cent. (3) Free fatty acids, as Oleic, Palmitic, Stearic. (4) Gaduin, C35H48O9, a peculiar principle, very insoluble in ordinary menstrua. (5) Morrhuol, a crystalline substance of uncertain composition, containing Phosphorus, Iodine and Bromine. (6) Traces of Iodine and Bromine. (7) Biliary principles. The so-called alkaloids of Cod Liver Oil are decomposition products, ptomaines or cadaveric alkaloids and are found in larger quantities in the brown oils. Their existence in fresh oil obtained from healthy livers has not been demonstrated. IMPURITIES.-Seal oil, other fish oils, free fatty acids. An oil obtained from the Candle fish (Theleichthys Pacificus) is found in the markets under the name of Eulachon Oil and is sometimes sold as Cod Liver Oil. Dose, 16 mils (4 fl. dr.).

Preparation

Emulsum Olei Morrhuæ.-Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil.

Abv.-Emuls.

Ol. Morrh. Rub Acacia, 125, in a mortar with Cod Liver Oil, 500, add

Water, 250, triturate, and add Syrup, 100, and Methyl Salicylate, 4 (or a suitable quantity of any other flavoring), with enough water to make

1000.

For the Therapeutics of Cod Liver Oil see p. 824.

SACCHARUM LACTIS

SUGAR OF MILK. Abv.-Sacch. Lact. Lactose, (C12H22O11+H2O= 360.19), obtained from the whey of cow's milk.

SOURCE. By evaporation, and purified by re-crystallization.

CHARACTERS.-White, hard, crystalline masses, or a white powder, producing a gritty sensation on the tongue; odorless and having a faintly sweet taste. Permanent in the air. It readily absorbs odors. Solubility.—In 4.9 parts of water and in 2.6 parts of boiling water; almost insoluble in Alcohol; insoluble in Ether or Chloroform.

IMPURITIES.-Starch, dextrin, sucrose, glucose, heavy metals.

Sugar of Milk is used in preparing Pulvis Ipecacuanhæ et Opii and Trituratio Elaterini.

For the Therapeutics of Sugar of Milk see p. 548.

GELATINUM

GELATIN. Abv.-Gelat. The purified product from animal tissues, as GELATIN. skin, ligaments and bones, by treatment with boiling water.

CHARACTERS.-An amorphous solid, in sheets or flakes or in ground, powdered or shredded form, colorless or slightly yellowish, and having a very slight, characteristic odor and taste. Unalterable in the air when dry, but decomposing when moist or in solution. Solubility.-Insoluble in cold water, but swells and softens when immersed in it, gradually absorbing from 5 to 10 times its weight of water; soluble in hot water, Acetic Acid, or Glycerin; insoluble in Alcohol, Ether, Chlorofor,m Benzene, Carbon Disulphide, or fixed or volatile oils. Gelatin used for making capsules for medicines should contain not more than 0.15 per cent. of sulphur dioxide.

Preparation

Gelatinum Glycerinatum.-Glycerinated Gelatin. Abv.-Gelat. Glycerin. Gelatin, 100; Glycerin, 100, water, a sufficient quantity. By solution, and straining, to 200.

For the Therapeutics of Gelatin see p. 547.

GROUP VI.-The Organic Extracts

Desiccated Thyroids, Desiccated Suprarenals, Desiccated Hypophysis

THYROIDEUM SICCUM

DRIED THYROIDS. Abv.-Thyroid. Sicc. Synonym.-Desiccated Thyroid Glands. The Thyroid Glands of animals which are used for food by man,

freed from connective tissue and fat, and cleaned, dried and powdered, and containing not less than 0.17 per cent. nor more than 0.23 per cent. of Iodine (I=126.92) in thyroid combination. One part of dried thyroids corresponds to approximately 5 parts of the fresh glands. Habitat.-Domesticated.

SOURCE.-Remove the fat and connective tissue directly the animal is killed. Reject cystic, hypertrophied or otherwise abnormal glands. Mince, dry at 32.2° to 37.7°C. (90° to 100°F.). Powder the dried product and remove all fat by washing with petroleum spirit and again dry.

CHARACTERS.—A yellowish amorphous, powder, having a slight, characteristic

odor.

COMPOSITION.-The chief constituent is a proteid, which exists in the colloid matter and is called Iodothyrin, or Thyroiodin; it contains iodine and phosphorus.

IMPURITY.-Inorganic iodine compounds.

Dose, 0.100 gm. = 100 milligm. (11⁄2 gr.).

For the Therapeutics of Dried Thyroids see p. 808.

SUPRARENALUM SICCUM

DRIED SUPRARENALS. Abv.-Supraren. Sicc.

Synonym.-Desiccated

Suprarenal Glands. The Suprarenal Glands of animals which are used for food by man, cleaned, dried and powdered, and containing not less than 0.4 per cent. nor more than 0.6 per cent. of Epinephrine, the active principle of the suprarenal gland. One part of Dried Suprarenals represents approximately 6 parts of fresh glands, free from fat. If assayed biologically 1 Gm. of Dried Suprarenals contains the equivalent of 10 milligm. of lævo-methylamino-ethanocatechol. Habitat.-Domesticated.

CHARACTERS.-A light yellowish-brown amorphous powder, having a slight, characteristic odor; partially soluble in water.

COMPOSITION.-The active principle, known as Adrenalin, or Epinephrin, exists only in the medulla of the gland. It has been isolated in the form of a yellowish-white, stable, alkaline, micro-crystalline powder, mildly bitter, and benumbing its points of contact with the tongue. It is slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, and readily soluble in most diluted acids and alkalies; and it forms salts, such as the tartrate, benzoate, hydrochloride and sulphate.

Dose, 0.250 gm. = 250 milligm. (4 gr.).

For the Therapeutics of Dried Suprarenals see p. 811.

HYPOPHYSIS SICCA

DESICCATED HYPOPHYSIS. Abv.-Hypophysis Sic. Synonym.-Desiccated Pituitary Body. The posterior lobe obtained from the pituitary body of cattle, cleaned, dried, and powdered.

CHARACTERS.-A yellowish or grayish, amorphous powder, having a characteristic odor. Solubility.—It is only partially soluble in water.

Preparation

Liquor Hypophysis.—Solution of Hypophysis. Abv.-Liq. Hypophysis. Synonym.-Solution of the Pituitary Body. A solution containing the water-soluble principle or principles from the fresh posterior lobe of the pituitary body of cattle.

SOURCE.-Extract the finely minced material with slightly acidulated water, boil the solution for ten minutes and filter it. Sterilize this filtrate and preserve it in a sterile condition in glass containers. One mil of solution of Hypophysis, diluted 20,000 times, has the same activity on the isolated uterus of the virgin guinea-pig as has a 1 to 20,000,000 solution of beta-iminazolyl-ethylamine hydrochloride.

Dose, 1 mil. (15 m).

For the Therapeutics of Desiccated Hypophysis see p. 813.

GROUP VII.-The Serums

Antidiphtheric Serum, Antitetanic Serum

SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM

ANTIDIPHTHERIC SERUM.-Diphtheria Antitoxin. Abv.-Ser. Antidiph. A fluid having the potency of not less than 250 antitoxic units per mil, separated from the coagulated blood of the horse, Equus Caballus Linné (Fam. Equida), or other large domestic animal, which has been properly immunized against diphtheria toxin.

SOURCE.-Diphtheria bacilli are grown in a flask containing some nutrient broth (e.g., meat broth), to which 0.5 per cent. of sodium chloride and 2 per cent. of commercial peptone have been added. At the end of some weeks the bacilli are filtered off, and the fluid left contains a large amount of diphtheria toxin, and it should be of such strength that o.10 mil (11⁄2 m) of it will kill a good-sized guinea-pig. From 0.20 to 1.00 mil (3 to 15 m) of it is aseptically injected into the jugular vein of a horse or other appropriate animal; this produces slight symptoms. As soon as they are past a larger dose is injected, and the dose is gradually increased until 100 mils (25 fl. dr.) or more are given at each injection. This leads to the formation of a large amount of antitoxin in the blood serum. At the end of some months the animal is bled to 8 litres (quarts) in a sterilized vessel, the blood coagulates, and the antitoxic serum is put into sterilized bottles and hermetically sealed, a little phenol, cresol or other antiseptic being added to prevent decomposition.

The details may be modified, as the animals vary in their reaction to the toxin, and toxins vary in strength, but the essentials of the method remain the same. CHARACTERS.-A yellowish or yellowish-brown, transparent or slightly turbid liquid, with sometimes a granular deposit; nearly odorless or having an odor due to the presence of the antiseptic used as a preservative.

Antidiptheric Serum gradually loses in potency, the loss in one year varying between 10 per cent. and 30 per cent. The serum must come from healthy

animals, must be sterile, must be free from toxins or other bacterial products, and must not contain an excessive amount of preservative (not more than 0.5 per cent. of phenol or cresol, when either of these is used), and the total solids must not exceed 20 per cent. Serum of a lower potency than 250 units per mil must not be sold or dispensed. Only such Sera may be sold or dispensed as have been prepared and propagated in establishments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. The United States law requires that each container of Serum sold or dispensed by licensed establishments shall bear upon the label, in addition to the name of the Serum, the name, address and license number of the manufacturer and the date beyond which the product cannot be expected to yield its specific results. The label must also contain the laboratory number of the Serum and the total number of antitoxic units claimed for the contents of the container.

The standard of strength, expressed in units of antitoxic power, shall be that established by the United States Public Health Service.

Dose (hypodermatic), 10,000 units; (protective), 1000 units.

A unit is the smallest quantity of antitoxic serum, which when mixed with a certain quantity of a standard diphtheric toxin and with it injected into the subcutaneous tissue of a healthy guinea-pig weighing from 250 to 300 gm. (8 to 10 oz.), protects the animal from death within four days.

SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM PURIFICATUM.-Purified Antidiphtheritic Serum. Abv.-Ser. Antidiphth. Purif. Synonyms.-Antidiphtheric Globulins. Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin. Diphtheric Antitoxin Globulins. Refined and Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin. A solution in physiological solution of Sodium Chloride of certain antitoxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of the horse, Equus Caballus Linné (Fam. Equide) or other large domestic animal, which has been properly immunized against diphtheria toxin.

SOURCE. After the serum or plasma from the immunized animal has been collected the antitoxin-bearing globulins are separated from the other constituents of the serum or plasma and dissolved in water; and sufficient Sodium Chloride is then added to make a solution containing from 0.6 to 0.9 per cent. of the salt. It has a potency of not less than 250 antitoxic units per mil.

-

CHARACTERS. A transparent or slightly opalescent liquid, with sometimes a slight granular or ropy deposit, nearly odorless, or having an odor due to the presence of the antiseptic used as a preservative. The liquid is sometimes more or less viscous. The serum must come from healthy animals, must be sterile, must be free from toxins or other bacterial products, and must not contain an excessive amount of preservatives (not more than 0.5 per cent. of phenol or cresol, when either of these is used), and the total amount of solids must not exceed 20 per cent. Serum of a lower potency than 250 units per mil must not be sold or dispensed. It must comply with the requirements for loss of potency, control, labelling and standard of potency under Serum Antidipthericum (see p. 252).

Dose (hypodermatic), 10,000 units; (protective) 1000 units.

SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM SICCUM.-Dried Antidiphtheric Serum. Abv.-Ser. Antidiphth. Sicc. Synonym.-Dried Diphtheria Antitoxin.