SOURCE.—It is obtained by the evaporation of either Antidiphtheric Serum or Purified Antidiphtheric Serum in a vacuum over Sulphuric Acid or other desiccating agent, or by passing over it a current of warm air freed from bacteria. It has a potency of not less than 4000 units per gram.

CHARACTERS.-It is either in the form of orange or yellowish flakes or small lumps, or as a yellowish-white powder, without odor. Solubility.—In 9 parts of distilled water, but the solution is opalescent, and slightly viscous; it may be dissolved more readily in larger amounts of distilled water or physiological solution of Sodium Chloride. Immediately before use the serum must be dissolved in recently boiled and cooled distilled water under the most rigid aseptic precautions. The solution must be used immediately, and if there be any serum or solution remaining, it must be discarded. Dried Antidiphtheric Serum if kept hermetically sealed, in amber-colored glass containers, free from air, at a temperature between 4.5° and 15°C. (40.9° and 59°F.), preferably in a dark place does not lose in potency, as does the liquid serum. It must comply with the requirements as established for Serum Antidiphthericum (see p. 252). Dose (hypodermatic), 10,000 units; (protective) 1000 units. For the Therapeutics of Antidiphtheric Serum (see p. 803).

SERUM ANTITETANICUM

ANTITETANIC SERUM. Abv.-Ser. Antitetan. Synonym.-Tetanus Antitoxin. A fluid having a potency of not less than 100 units per mil, separated from the coagulated blood of the horse Equus Caballus Linné (Fam. Equidæ), or other large domesticated animal, which has been properly immunized against tetanus antitoxin.

CHARACTERS.-A yellowish or yellowish-brown, transparent, or slightly turbid liquid with sometimes a slight granular deposit; nearly odorless, or having an odor due to the presence of the antiseptic used as a preservative. It gradually loses in potency, the loss being greater at higher than at lower temperatures. The Serum must come from healthy animals, must be sterile, must be free from toxins or other bacterial products, and must not contain an excessive amount of preservative (not more than 0.5 per cent. of phenol or cresol, when either of these is used), and the total solids must not exceed 20 per cent. Serum of a lower potency than 100 units per mil must not be sold or dispensed. Only such Sera may be sold or dispensed as have been prepared and propagated in establishments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. The same requirements as to labelling and standards as to strength are fixed for this, as for the Antidiphtheric Serum (see p. 252).

Dose (hypodermatic), 10,000 units; (protective) 1500 units.

SERUM ANTITETANICUM PURIFICATUM.-Purified Antitetanic Serum. Abv.-Ser. Antitetan. Purif. Synonyms.-Antitetanic Globulins. Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin. Refined and Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin. Tetanus Antitoxin Globulins. A solution in physiological solution of Sodium Chloride of certain antitoxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of the horse, Equus Caballus Linné (Fam. Equida), or other large domesticated animal, which has been properly immunized against tetanus toxin.

After the serum or plasma from the the immunized animal has been collected, the antitoxin-bearing globulins are separated from the other constituents of the serum or plasma and dissolved in water; and sufficient Sodium Chloride is then added to make a solution containing from 0.6 to 0.9 per cent. of the salt. It has a potency of not less than 100 units per mil.

CHARACTERS.—A transparent or slightly opalescent liquid, with sometimes a slight granular or ropy deposit; nearly odorless, or having an odor due to the presence of the antiseptic used as a preservative. The liquid is sometimes more or less viscous. The same requirements, as for Purified Antidiphtheric Serum must be complied with (see p. 253).

Dose (hypodermatic), 10,000 units; (protective) 1500 units.

SERUM ANTITETANICUM SICCUM.-Dried Antitetanic Serum. Abv.Ser. Antitetan. Sicc. Synonym.-Dried Tetanus Antitoxin.

SOURCE. It is obtained by the evaporation of either Antitetanic Serum or Purified Antitetanic Serum in a vacuum, over Sulphuric Acid or other desiccating agent, or by passing over it a current of warm air freed from bacteria. It has a potency of not less than 1000 units per gram.

CHARACTERS. Either as orange or yellowish flakes or small lumps, or a yellowish-white powder, without odor. Solubility. In 9 parts of distilled water, but the solution is opalescent and slightly viscous; it may be dissolved more readily in larger amounts of distilled water or physiological solution of Sodium Chloride. The same requirements as to use, keeping, labelling, and standard of strength apply to this as to Dried Antidiphtheric Serum (see p. 253). It is sometimes used as a dusting powder or for local application to infected wounds.

Dose (hypodermatic), 10,000 units; (protective) 1500 units. For the Therapeutics of Antitetanic Serum see p. 805.

GROUP VIII.-The Vaccines

VIRUS VACCINICUM

VACCINE VIRUS. Abv.-Virus Vaccin. Synonyms.-Glycerinated Vaccine Virus. Smallpox Vaccine. Jennerian Vaccine. The pustules of vaccinia or cowpox from healthy vaccinated animals of the bovine species, removed and prepared under aseptic conditions.

SOURCE. The vaccine pulp should be thoroughly rubbed up in a mortar or passed through a special grinder, strained to remove coarse particles, and made into a smooth emulsion with a Glycerin solution. It gradually loses in potency, the loss being more rapid at high than at low temperatures. It should be preserved at a temperature of between 4.5° and 15°C. (40.9° and 59°F.), protected from light.

Only such Vaccine Virus may be sold as has been prepared in establishments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. No Vaccine Virus shall be used from any animal having a communicable disease, or suspected of having a communicable disease, other than vaccinia; animals used for propagat

ing Vaccine Virus must be under daily veterinary examination for a period of not less than seven days before vaccination, and as soon as the vaccine pulp is removed a necropsy must be made on each animal and permanent records kept. Each lot of Vaccine Virus shall be examined to determine its freedom from pathogenic micro-organisms and a special examination must be made of each lot to determine the absence of tetanus spores or toxin, and permanent records must be kept of these examinations. The Virus must be marketed in sterile containers that comply with the requirements of the law and the regulations of the United States Public Health Service. Each package shall bear upon the label the name, address, and license number of the manufacturer and the date beyond which the contents cannot be expected to yield their specific results. The label should also contain the laboratory number of the Virus. For the Therapeutics of Vaccine Virus (see p. 806).

GROUP IX.-Drug Used for Coloring Agent

COCCUS

COCHINEAL. Synonym.-Red Scale Insect. The dried female of the insect Coccus cacti Linné (Fam. Coccida), enclosing the young larvæ. Habitat.— Mexico and Central America; upon Opuntia cochinillifera Miller and other species (Fam. Cactaceæ.)

CHARACTERS.—Somewhat ovate in outline, convex above, concave beneath, from 3.5 to 7 mm. in length, consisting of from 9 to 12 segments; externally grayish-purple or grayish; in the shell-like, somewhat horny abdomen lie numerous larvæ less than 1 mm. in diameter; the mature larvæ with antennæ consisting of eight joints, three pairs of legs, the lower having from 6 to 8 segments, and a characteristic beak or rostrum composed of 4 thread-like parts which pair off into two coils. It is easily pulverizable, and yields a dark red powder with a characteristic odor, and slightly bitter taste. When masticated it colors the saliva red, due to the coloring principle, carminic acid, which is soluble in water, Alcohol or alkalies and slightly soluble in Ether.

COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- —(1) Carminic Acid, C17H18010, IO per cent. (2) Coccerin, a wax. (3) Fat, consisting of myristin, and fatty acids. Sulphuric acid and several other reagents precipitate from its decoction the wellknown coloring matter, carmine.

Cochineal is contained in Tinctura Cardamomi Composita.

For the Uses of Cochineal see p. 827.

GROUP X.-Drugs Whose Action is Mechanical

Prepared Suet, Stearic Acid, Wax, Cantharides

SEVUM PRÆPARATUM

PREPARED SUET. Abv.-Sev. Præp. Synonym.-Mutton Suet. The internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep, Ovis Aries Linné (Fam. Bovida), purified by melting and straining. Habitat.-Domesticated.

CHARACTERS.-A white, solid fat, nearly inodorous, and having a bland taste when fresh, but becoming rancid on prolonged exposure to the air. Solubility.— Insoluble in water or cold Alcohol; it dissolves in 44 parts of boiling Alcohol, in about 60 parts of Ether, and slowly in 2 parts of Purified Petroleum Benzin. COMPOSITION.-Its chief constituents are (1) Stearin. (2) Palmitin. (3) Olein. (4) Hircin.

Prepared Suet is contained in Unguentum Hydrargyri. For the Uses of Prepared Suet see p. 828.

ACIDUM STEARICUM

STEARIC ACID. Abv.--Acid. Stear. C18H36O2 or C17H35 COOH= 284.29. An acid obtained from tallow and other solid fats.

SOURCE.-By boiling the fats with soda-lye, the Stearin is decomposed, Sodium Stearate being formed with the liberation of Glycerin. C3H5(C18H35O2)3+ 3NaOH=3NaC16H35O2+C3H5(OH)3. This soap is decomposed by heating with water and Sulphuric Acid, setting free the fatty acids which are removed and purified with hot Alcohol. On cooling, Stearic Acid will separate.

CHARACTERS.-A hard, white, or yellowish-white, somewhat glossy solid, odorless or having a slight, tallow-like odor, tasteless, and permanent in the air. Solubility. Almost insoluble in water; soluble in about 21 parts of Alcohol; in 2 parts of Chloroform; in 3 parts of Ether at 25°C. (77°F.); freely soluble in Carbon Disulphide or Carbon Tetrachloride.

IMPURITY.

Undecomposed fat, paraffin, mineral acids.

ZINCI STEARAS.-Zinc Stearate. Abv.-Zinc Stear. A compound of Zinc with Stearic Acid and small, but variable proportions of Palmitic Acid, containing an amount of Zinc corresponding to not less than 13 per cent. nor more than 15.5 per cent. of Zinc Oxide (ZnO=81.37).

SOURCE.-Zinc Acetate or Sulphate, dissolved in water, is heated and added to Potassium Stearate, and the precipitate washed and dried.

CHARACTERS.—A very white bulky powder, tasteless, and having a faint characteristic odor. Solubility. It is insoluble in water, Alcohol or Ether.

IMPURITIES.-Chlorides, alkalies, alkali earths.

For the Therapeutics of Stearic Acid see p. 530.

CERA

CERA FLAVA.-Yellow Wax. Abv.-Cer. Flav. Synonym.-Beeswax. A product obtained by melting and purifying the honey-comb of the bee, Apis mellifera Linné (Fam. A pida).

CHARACTERS. A yellow to gray-brown solid, having an agreeable, honey-like odor, and faint characteristic taste. Sp. gr., 0.950 to 0.960 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.-Insoluble in water; sparingly soluble in cold Alcohol; boiling Alcohol dissolves the Cerotic Acid and a portion of the Myrocin. It is completely soluble in Ether, Chloroform, or in fixed or volatile oils.

COMPOSITION. The principal constituents are (1) Hydrocarbons (probably C27H56 and C34H64) about 12 per cent. (2) Cerin or Cerotic Acid, C27H54O2. (3) Myricin or Myrical Palmitate, C30H61 C16H31O2, the principal constituent.

(4) An Alcohol, C2H2O, in small quantities. (5) Cerylic Alcohol, C27H56O. IMPURITIES.-Fats, fatty acids, Japan wax, rosin, soap.

Yellow Wax is used in Ceratum Cantharidis, Ceratum Resinæ and Unguentum Picis Liquidæ.

CERA ALBA.-White Wax. Abv.-Cer. Alb.

SOURCE.-Made by bleaching yellow wax by exposure to moisture, air and

light.

CHARACTERS.—A yellowish-white solid, somewhat translucent in thin layers, having a faint, characteristic odor; it is free from rancidity and nearly tasteless. Sp. gr., 0.950 to 0.960 at 25°C (77°F.).

COMPOSITION.-As of yellow wax.

White Wax is used in Ceratum, Unguentum, and Unguentum Aquæ Rosæ. For the Uses of Wax see p. 828.

CANTHARIS

CANTHARIDES.

Abv.-Canthar. Synonyms.-Spanish Flies.

Russian

Flies. The beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria (Linné) De Geer (Fam. Meloidea, Order Coleoptera) yielding not less than 0.6 per cent. of Cantharidin. Habitat.Southern and Central Europe, mainly on Fam. Oleacea and Caprifoliacea.

CHARACTERS. From 15 to 25 mm. in length, 5 to 8 in breadth, oblong, somewhat compressed above; of a brilliant green or bluish-green, metallic luster, changing in different parts, especially beneath, to a golden-green; head triangular, separated into two lateral lobes by a faint median line; mandibles stout and partly concealed; antennæ filiform, of II conical joints, the upper ones being black; eyes comparatively small; prothorax annulate; legs with fine tarsal joints; wings membranous and brownish; elytra or wing sheaths each with two parallel lines and finely wrinkled; odor strong, disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards acrid.

COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- —(1) Cantharidin, C10H12O4, the active principle, a crystallizable body forming colorless plates, soluble in Alcohol, Ether, Acetic Ether, Glacial Acetic Acid, Chloroform, and oils. It is found especially in the generative apparatus, the eggs, and the blood. (2) A volatile oil giving the odor and said to have the same action as Cantharidin. (3) A green oil, the coloring principle, closely allied to chlorophyll. (4) Various extractives and salts.

Preparation

1. Ceratum Cantharidis.-Cantharides Cerate. Abv.-Cerat. Canthar. Synonym.-Blistering Cerate. Cantharides, 350; Glacial Acetic Acid, 25; Oil of Turpentine, 150; Yellow Wax, 175; Rosin, 175; Benzoinated lard, 200. By maceration, straining and evaporation

to 1000.

2. Collodium Cantharidatum.-Cantharidal Collodion. Abv.-Callod. Canth. Synonyms.-Blistering Collodion. Vesicating Collodion. Cantharides, 60; by percolation with Acetone, 55; and Glacial Acetic Acid, 5; evaporation and solution of residue in Flexible Collodion, 85.