II. BROMUM BROMUM.-Bromine. Br=79.92. This liquid is not official under its own name. Preparations 1. AMMONII BROMIDUM.-Ammonium Bromide. Abv.-Ammon. Brom. NH,Br=97.96. It should contain not less than 98.5 per cent. of Ammonium Bromide. SOURCE.-Made by neutralizing Hydrobromic Acid with Ammonia or Ammonium Carbonate, evaporating and crystallizing. HBr+NH4OH=NH1Br+H2O. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white, crystalline or granular powder; odorless, and of a pungent, saline taste; somewhat hygroscopic. Solubility.-In 13 parts of water; in 12 parts of Alcohol; in 0.9 part of boiling water, and in 1.2 parts of boiling alcohol. IMPURITIES.-Ammonium iodide and bromate, iron, barium, heavy metals. INCOMPATIBLES.-Spirit of nitrous ether, as well as the incompatibles mentioned under the other bromides. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). 2. CALCII BROMIDUM.-Calcium Bromide. Abv.-Calc. Brom. CaBr2 = 199.91. It should contain not less than 84 per cent. of Calcium Bromide. SOURCE. From pure Calcium Carbonate by solution in Hydrobromic Acid, and evaporation. CaCO3+2HBr-CaBr2+CO2 = H2O. CHARACTERS.-A white, granular salt; odorless, and having a sharp, saline taste very deliquescent. Solubility.-Very soluble in water, and in Alcohol. IMPURITIES.-Iodides, calcium bromate, insoluble matters, barium, heavy metals, nitrates, ammonia. INCOMPATIBLES.-Acids, acid and metallic salts, alkaloids, chlorine water. The same incompatibles apply to the other bromides. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). 3. LITHII BROMIDUM.-Lithium Bromide. Abv.-Lith. Brom. LiBr= 86.86. It should contain not less than 85 per cent. of Lithium Bromide. SOURCE. From a solution of Ferrous Bromide heated with Lithium Carbonate; when cool the solution is evaporated, and the salt obtained by crystallization FeBr2+Li2CO3 = 2LiBr+FeCO3. CHARACTERS.—A white, granular salt, odorless, and having a sharp, slightly bitter taste; very deliquescent. Solubility.-In 0.6 part of water, and in 0.14 part of boiling water; freely soluble in Alcohol and also soluble in Ether. IMPURITIES.-Iodine, potassium, other alkalies, iron, aluminum, heavy metals. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). 4. POTASSII KBr=119.02. BROMIDUM.-Potassium Bromide. Abv.-Pot. Brom. It should contain not less than 98.5 per cent. of Potassium Bromide. solution of the Bromide and Bromate is made. 3Br2+6KOH=5KBr+KBrO3 +3H2O. On evaporation to dryness, mixing the salts with Charcoal and heating to redness, the Bromate is reduced to a Bromide, while the Oxygen unites with the Carbon, forming Carbonic Oxide, which escapes. 2KBrO3+3C2=2KBr+ 6CO. By dissolving in water, the solution yields the Bromide in crystals. CHARACTERS.-Colorless or white, cubical crystals, or as a granular powder; odorless, and having a strongly saline taste. It is permanent in the air. Solubility. In about 1.5 parts of water and in about 250 parts of Alcohol; in 1 part of boiling water, and in 21 parts of boiling Alcohol; also soluble in Glycerin. IMPURITIES.-Potassium bromate, iodides, heavy metals, barium, free alkali. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). 5. SODII BROMIDUM.-Sodium Bromide. 102.92. Abv.-Sod. Brom. NaBr= It should contain, when dried, not less than 98.5 per cent. of Sodium Bromide. SOURCE.-Made from a solution of Sodium Hydroxide, as Potassium Bromide is made from a solution of Potassium Hydroxide. CHARACTERS.-Colorless or white cubical crystals or as a white granular powder; odorless, and having a saline taste. Solubility.—In about 1 part of water; in 16 parts of Alcohol. IMPURITIES.—Sodium bromate and iodide, heavy metals, barium, free alkali. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). 6. STRONTII BROMIDUM.-Strontium Bromide. Abv.-Stront. Brom. SrBr2+6H2O=355.57. It would contain not less than 98 per cent. of Strontium Bromide. SOURCE. By neutralizing dilute Hydrobromic Acid with Strontium Carbonate, filtration and evaporation. SrCO3+2HBr=SrBr2+CO2+H2O. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, transparent, hexagonal crystals; odorless, and having a bitter, saline taste. Deliquescent in moist but efflorescent in very dry air. Solubility. In 0.35 part of water, and in about 0.4 part of boiling water; soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. IMPURITIES.-Barium, strontium iodide, heavy metals. DILUTUM.-Diluted Hydrobromic 7. ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM Acid. Abv.-Acid Hydrobrom. Dil. An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent., by weight, of Hydrobromic Acid (HBr = 80.93). SOURCE.-Potassium Bromide, in solution, is mixed with Sulphuric Acid, and Potassium Sulphate allowed to crystallize, the precipitate is washed upon the filter, and the filtrate is distilled nearly to dryness and then diluted to the proper strength. 2KBr+H2SO4=2HBr+K2SO4. CHARACTERS.-A colorless, odorless liquid, having a strongly acid taste; it is strongly acid to litmus. IMPURITIES.-Sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, chlorides, iodine, arsenic, barium, heavy metals. Dose 1 mil (15 M). For the Therapeutics of the Bromides see p. 707. III. IODUM IODUM.-Iodine. I=126.92. It should contain not less than 99.5 per cent. of Iodine. SOURCE. Obtained from the ashes of sea-weed and from the mother-liquors of Chilian Sodium Nitrate. CHARACTERS.-Heavy, bluish-black, brittle rhombic plates, having a metallic lustre, a distinctive odor, and a sharp and acrid taste. Sp. gr., 4.66 at 17°C. (62.6°F.). Solubility. In about 2950 parts of water, in 12.5 parts of alcohol; in 80 parts of glycerin, and in 4 parts of carbon disulphide, freely in ether, chloroform, or aqueous solutions of iodides. Its solution in alcohol or in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide has a reddish-brown color, and its solution in chloroform or carbon disulphide, a violet color. IMPURITIES.-Iodine cyanide, chlorine, bromine. INCOMPATIBLES.— —Metallic salts, mineral acids, alkaloids, oil of turpentine, ammonia; with the last two explosive compounds may be formed. Dose, 0.005 gm. 5 milligm. (12 gr.). = Preparations 1. Liquor Iodi Compositus.-Compound Solution of Iodine. Abv.-Liq. Iodi Co. Synonym.—Lugol's Solution. Iodine, 5; Potassium Iodide, 10; water to 100. Strength.-Not less than 4.8 per cent. nor more than 5.2 per cent. of Iodine and not less than 9.8 per cent. nor more than 10.2 per cent. of Potassium Iodide. Dose, 0.2 mil (3 m). 2. Tinctura Iodi.-Tincture of Iodine. Abv.-Tr. Iodi. Iodine 70; Potassium Iodide, 50; Distilled water, 50; Alcohol to 1000. Strength. -Not less than 6.5 per cent. nor more than 7.5 per cent. of Iodine and not less than 4.5 per cent. nor more than 5.5 per cent. of Potassium iodide. Dose, 0.1 mil (11⁄2 m). 3. Unguentum Iodi.-Iodine Ointment. Abv.-Ung. Iodi. Iodine, 4; Potassium Iodide, 4; Glycerin, 12; Benzoinated Lard, 80. Strength.-4 per cent. 1. AMMONII NHI=144.96. IODIDUM.-Ammonium Iodide. Abv.-Ammon. Iod. It should contain not less than 99 per cent. of Ammonium Iodide. SOURCE. Dissolve Potassium Iodide and Ammonium Sulphate in boiling water, add Alcohol, filter, wash, and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. 2KI+ (NH4)2SO4 = 2NH1I+K2SO4. CHARACTERS.-Minute, colorless, cubical crystals, or a white, granular powder, odorless, and having a sharp, saline taste. It is very hygroscopic, and soon becomes yellow or yellowish-brown on exposure to the air and light, owing to the loss of ammonia and liberation of iodine. Solubility.-In o.6 part of water, and in 3.7 parts of alcohol; and in 1.5 parts of glycerin, also in 0.5 part of boiling water. IMPURITIES.-Barium, iron, free iodine, chlorides, bromides, heavy metals. INCOMPATIBLES.—Bismuth subnitrate, spirit of nitrous ether, mineral acids and acid salts, silver nitrate, soluble lead salts, potassium chlorate, alkaloids, licorice and preparations containing starch. The same incompatibles apply to the other iodides. Dose, 0.30 gm. = 300 milligm. (5 gr.). 2. POTASSII IODIDUM.-Potassium Iodide. Abv.-Pot. Iod. KI = 166.02. It should contain not less than 99 per cent. of Potassium Iodide. SOURCE.-Dissolve Iodine in a hot solution of Potassium Hydroxide in distilled water. 312+6KHO=5KI+KIO3+3H2O. Evaporate and heat the residue with Charcoal; the Oxygen of the Iodate is carried off as Carbonic Oxide. KIO3+3C=KI+3CO. Dissolve in boiling water, filter, wash and crystallize. CHARACTERS.—Transparent and colorless, or more or less opaque and white, cubical crystals, or as a white, granular powder, having a pungent, saline, afterwards bitter taste. Permanent in dry, but slightly deliquescent in moist air. Solubility. In 0.7 part of water; in 22 parts alcohol; in 2 parts of glycerin; also in 0.5 part of boiling water and 8 parts of boiling alcohol; in 2 of glycerin. IMPURITIES.-Nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, bromides, potassium iodate, cyanide and thiosulphate, barium, free alkali. Dose, 0.30 gm. = 300 milligm. (5 gr.). Potassium Iodide is contained in Liquor Iodi Compositus, Tinctura Iodi and Unguentum Iodi. Preparations 1. Acidum Hydriodicum Dilutum.-Diluted Hydriodic Acid. Abv. -Acid Hydriod. Dil. An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent., nor more than 10.5 per cent. of Hydriodic Acid. It should not be dispensed if it contains free iodine. SOURCE.-Potassium Iodide, 135; Potassium Hypophosphite, 10; Tartaric Acid, 136.5; Distilled Water, Diluted Alcohol, each a sufficient quantity, to make 1000. By solution and evaporation. CHARACTERS.-A clear, colorless or not more than a pale yellow, odcrless liquid, and having a strongly acid taste. Sp. gr., about 1.10. Miscible, in all proportions, with water or Alcohol. IMPURITIES.-Arsenic, barium, heavy metals, sulphuric acid. Dose, 0.5 mil (8 m). 2. Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici.-Syrup of Hydriodic Acid. Abv.-Syr. Acid. Hydriod. A syrupy liquid containing not less than 1.3 per cent., nor more than 1.45 per cent. of Hydriodic Acid. SOURCE.-Diluted Hydriodic Acid, 125; Water, 300; Syrup, 575. CHARACTERS.-A transparent, colorless, or not more than a pale straw-colored syrupy liquid, odorless, and having a sweet and acidulous taste. Sp. gr., about 1.215. IMPURITY. Free iodine. 3. SODII IODIDUM.—Sodium Iodide. Abv.-Sod. Iod. NaI =149.92. It contains not less than 99 per cent. of Sodium Iodide, nor more than 7 per cent. of moisture. SOURCE.-Made from a solution of Sodium Hydroxide, as Potassium Iodide is made from a solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 3 I2 + 6NaHO =5NaI+NaIO3+3H2O. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, cubical crystals, or as a white crystalline powder; odorless, and having a saline taste. Solubility.—In 0.55 part of water; in about 2 parts of alcohol, in 1 part of glycerin; in 0.4 part of boiling water. IMPURITIES.-Potassium, heavy metals, sodium iodate, thiosulphate and cyanide, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, bromides, free iodine, free alkali. Dose, 0.30 gm. = 300 milligm. (5 gr.). 4. STRONTII IODIDUM.-Strontium Iodide. Abv.-Stront. Iod. It contains not less than 99 per cent. of Strontium Iodide. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, transparent, hexagonal plates, or as a white IMPURITIES.-Barium, heavy metals. For the Therapeutics of Iodine and the Iodides see p. 815. GROUP II Oxygen, Nitrogen Monoxide, Water, Hydrogen Dioxide I. OXYGENIUM.-Oxygen. It contains not less than 95 per cent. by volume of O=16. = SOURCE. By heating Manganese Dioxide or Potassium Chlorate. 3 MnO2 = Mn304+02 or 2KClO3= KClO4+KCl and KClO4 = KCl+202. CHARACTERS.-A colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It supports combustion more readily than air. Solubility.—One volume of oxygen dissolves in about 34 volumes of water and in about 3.6 volumes of alcohol at 25°C. (77°F.). IMPURITIES.-Carbon dioxide, halogens, acids or bases. For the Therapeutics of Oxygen see p. 448. II. NITROGENII MONOXIDUM.-Nitrogen Monoxide. Abv.-Nitrogen Monox. Synonyms.-Nitrous Oxide. Nitrogen Monoxide gas. N2O=44.02. SOURCE. By slowly heating Ammonium Nitrate at a temperature not to exceed 250°C. (482°F.) and passing the gas through lime water and solution of ferrous sulphate to remove impurities. NH4NO3=N2O+2H2O. |