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associated elements. Many specimens do not contain more and generally less than 60 per cent. of Cerium Oxalate.

SOURCE.-The powdered mineral is heated with concentrated Sulphuric Acid, ignited, then dissolved in dilute Nitric Acid and treated with Hydrogen Sulphide to remove copper, etc.; Hydrochloric Acid is added to prevent precipitation of the Calcium salt, and the cerite metals are precipitated as oxalates by Oxalic Acid. The residue is purified by calcination and solution, reduced to Cerous Sulphate by Sodium Thiosulphate, and the Oxalate precipitated by Oxalic Acid.

CHARACTERS. A fine, white or slightly pink powder, without odor or taste. Solubility. Insoluble in water, Alcohol or Ether and in solutions of Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide; soluble in hot diluted Sulphuric or Hydrochloric Acid. IMPURITIES.-Aluminum, zinc, arsenic, carbonates, heavy metals.

Dose, 0.200 gm. = 200 milligm. (3 gr.).
For the Therapeutics of Cerium Oxalate see p. 652.

GROUP IV

Lead, Bismuth, Chromium, Uranium, Manganese

I. PLUMBUM

=

Pb 207.10

1. PLUMBI OXIDUM.-Lead Oxide. Abv.-Plumb. Oxid. PbO=223.10. Synonym.-Litharge. It should contain not less than 96 per cent. of Lead Oxide. SOURCE.-Made by roasting Lead in air.

CHARACTERS.—A heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow powder, or minute scales, without odor or taste. Solubility.-Almost insoluble in water, to which, however, it imparts a faintly alkaline reaction; insoluble in Alcohol, but dissolved by Acetic or diluted Nitric Acid, and in warm solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides. IMPURITIES.-Copper, iron, lead carbonate, silicates, barium sulphate. Lead Oxide is used to make Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis.

Preparations

1. Emplastrum Plumbi.—Lead Plaster. Abv.-Emp. Plumb. Synonym.-Diachylon Plaster. Lead Oxide, 1000; is sifted upon Olive Oil, 1000; and Lard, 1000; heated together; boiling water, 350 is added and the whole boiled until a pliable and tenacious mass is formed. Wash the mass with warm water to remove the Glycerin. Finally knead the mass until it is free from water, roll it into cylindrical forms of proper size and wrap them in paper.

Lead Plaster is contained in Emplastrum Resinæ.

2. Unguentum Diachylon.-Diachylon Ointment. Abv.-Ung. Diachyl. Lead Plaster, 50; Oil of Lavender, 1; Olive Oil, 49.

2. PLUMBI ACETAS.-Lead Acetate. Abv.-Plumb. Acet. Pb(C2H3O2) +3H2O=379.20. Synonym.-Sugar of Lead. It should contain not less than 85.31 per cent. and not more than 89.57 per cent. of anhydrous Lead Acetate, corresponding to not less than 99.5 per cent. of the crystallized salt.

SOURCE.-Metallic Lead is dissolved, in the presence of air, in Acetic Acid. PbO+2C2H4O2+2H2O=Pb(C2H3O2)2+3H2O. To obtain well-defined crystals the solution must have a distinctly acid reaction.

CHARACTERS.-Colorless, shining, transparent, monoclinic prisms or plates, or heavy, white, crystalline masses or granular crystals, having a faintly acetous odor and a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic taste. Efflorescent, and absorbing Carbon Dioxide, on exposure to the air. Solubility. In 1.4 parts of water and 0.5 part of boiling water; in 38 parts of Alcohol.

IMPURITIES.-Lead carbonate, iron, copper, zinc, salts of the alkali metals, and those of magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron.

INCOMPATIBLES.-Hard water, mineral acids and salts, alkalies, lime water, potassium iodide, hydrated chloral, phenol, resorcinol, vegetable astringents, preparations of opium, albuminous liquids.

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1. Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis.-Solution of Lead Subacetate. Abv.— Liq. Plumb. Subacet. Synonym.-Goulard's Extract. Lead Acetate, 180, and Lead Oxide, 110, are boiled together in distilled water, to make 1000. An aqueous solution which should contain Lead Subacetate (approximately), Pb,2O(CH3 COO)2=548.25 corresponding to not less than 18 per cent. of Lead.

2. Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus.-Diluted Solution of Lead Subacetate. Abv.-Liq. Plumb. Subacet. Dil. Synonym.-Lead Water. Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, 40, distilled water to 1000. It should contain about 1 per cent. of Lead Subacetate.

For the Therapeutics of Lead Salts see p. 512.

II. BISMUTHUM

Bi=208.0

1. BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS.-Bismuth Subcarbonate. Abv.-Bism. Subcarb. Approximately [(BIO)2CO3]2+H2O=1034.02. It should yield not less than 90 per cent. of Bismuth Oxide.

SOURCE.-Dissolve Purified Bismuth in Nitric Acid and water, decant and filter, mix with Ammonia Water; the precipitate is washed and dissolved in Nitric Acid, and poured into a solution of Sodium Carbonate, the resulting precipitate is collected and washed. The final reaction is 2Bi(NO3)3+3Na2CO3+ H2O=[(BIO)2CO3]2+H2O+6NaNO3+2CO2. The precipitated Carbonate is

separated by filtration.

CHARACTERS.-A white or pale yellowish-white powder; odorless and tasteless. Solubility. Insoluble in water or Alcohol, but is completely dissolved by Nitric or Hydrochloric Acid, with copious effervescence.

IMPURITIES.-Lead, arsenic, copper, silver, the sulphate and subnitrate, chlorides, alkalies, alkali earths, and tellurium, the last giving an alliaceous odor to the breath.

INCOMPATIBLES.-Acids, alkaloidal salts, bismuth subnitrate, aluminum, barium, calcium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, silver, strontium and zinc salts, ethyl carbamate.

Dose, 0.500 gm. = 500 milligm. (8 gr.).

2. BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS.-Bismuth Subnitrate. Abv.-Bism. Subnit. Approximately Bi(OH),NO3=304.03. A basic Bismuth Nitrate of varying chemical composition which yields not less than 79 per cent. of Bismuth Oxide. SOURCE. Dissolve Purified Bismuth in Nitric Acid and water, concentrate by evaporation pour in more water, and stir thoroughly, wash and dry the precipitated Subnitrate. Bi2+6HNO3=2Bi(NO3)3+3H2 and Bi(NO3)3+H2O= BIONO3+2HNO3.

CHARACTERS.-A white powder, odorless and almost tasteless, and slightly hygroscopic. Solubility.-Almost insoluble in water and insoluble in Alcohol; readily dissolves in Nitric or Hydrochloric Acid.

IMPURITIES. As of the subcarbonate.

INCOMPATIBLES.-Alkali carbonates and hydroxides, calomel, hypophosphites, iodides, sulphur, tannic and gallic acids.

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Magma Bismuthi.-Bismuth Magma. Abv.-Magma Bism. Synonym.-Milk of Bismuth. Bismuth Magma yields not less than 5.6 per cent. nor more than 6.2 per cent. of Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3=464.00). Bismuth Subnitrate, 80; Nitric Acid, 120; Ammonium Carbonate, 10; Ammonia water and Distilled water to 1000. By solution, decantation, washing and draining the moist Magma.

CHARACTERS.-A thick white opaque liquid containing Bismuth Hydroxide and Bismuth Subcarbonate in suspension in water. Solubility. -Equal volumes of Hydrochloric Acid and Bismuth Magma produce a clear solution.

Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.).

3. BISMUTHIET AMMONII CITRAS.—Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate. Abv.-Bism. et Ammon. Cit. When dried to a constant weight it yields not less than 46 per cent. nor more than 52 per cent. of Bismuth Oxide.

SOURCE.-Bismuth Citrate is rendered soluble by the presence of Ammonium

Citrate.

CHARACTERS.-Shining, pearly or translucent scales, or a white powder; odorless, and having a metallic taste. Solubility.-Very soluble in water; sparingly soluble in Alcohol.

Dose, 0.125 gm. = 125 milligm. (2 gr.).

4. BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS.-Bismuth Subgallate. Abv.-Bism. Subgal. Approximately Bi(OH)2C7H5O5=411.06. Synonym.-Dermatol. It should yield not less than 52, nor more than 57 per cent. of Bismuth Oxide.

SOURCE.-Normal Bismuth Nitrate is dissolved in Glacial Acetic Acid and water is added; with this is mixed a solution of Gallic Acid in warm water. Allow the precipitate to subside, decant; wash by decantation with warm water until the washings no longer show an acid reaction; dry at 100°C. (212°F.), and rub to powder.

CHARACTERS.-An amorphous, bright yellow powder, without odor or taste. Solubility. Insoluble in water, Alcohol or Ether; readily soluble, with decomposition, in warm Hydrochloric, Nitric and Sulphuric Acids, also soluble in solutions of the alkali hydroxides.

IMPURITIES.-Free gallic acid and the nitrate. Other impurities as of the

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5. BISMUTHI BETANAPTHOLAS, see Betanapthol, p. 109.

6. BISMUTHI SUBSALICYLAS.-Bismuth Subsalicylate. Abv.-Bism. Subsalicyl. Approximately Bi(OH)2C7H5O3=379.06. It should yield not less than 62 nor more than 66 per cent. of Bismuth Oxide.

SOURCE. It is prepared by diluting a Glycerin solution of crystallized Bismuthous Nitrate with water, and decomposing this with a concentrated aqueous solution of Sodium Salicylate; the precipitate is well washed with hot water and carefully dried.

CHARACTERS.-A white, or nearly white, amorphous or crystalline powder; odoless and tasteless. Solubility.-Almost insoluble in cold water; upon prolonred boiling with water a portion of the Salicylic Acid passes into solution, with thegformation of a more basic Bismuth Salicylate.

I MPURITIES.—Nitrates, free salicylic acid. Other impurities as of the subcarbonate.

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CHROMII

III. CHROMIUM

Cr. = 52.0

TRIOXIDUM.-Chromium Trioxide. Abv.-Chrom. Triox. Cro1 = 100.0. Synonyms.-Chromic Anhydride. Chromic Acid. It should contain not less than 95 per cent. of Chromium Trioxide. On account of the danger of serious accidents, great caution should be observed to avoid bringing it into contact with organic substances, such as Tannic Acid, Sugar, Alcohol, Ether, Glycerin and Collodion.

SOURCE.-Dissolve Potassium Dichromate in Sulphuric Acid and water, decant from the Acid Potassium Sulphate, heat with more Sulphuric Acid, cool and crystallize. K2Cr2O7+2H2SO4=2CrO3+2KHSO4+H2O.

CHARACTERS.-Small, needle-shaped crystals, or rhombic prisms, of a dark purplish-red color and metallic lustre; odorless; destructive to animal and vegetable tissues; deliquescent in moist air. Solubility.—In 0.6 part of water. IMPURITY.-Sulphuric Acid.

For the Therapeutics of Chromium Trioxide see p. 477.

IV. URANIUM
U= 238.5

URANII NITRAS.-Uranium Nitrate. Abv.-Uran. Nit. It contains not less than 98 per cent. of Uranyl Nitrate. UO2(NO3)2 + 6H2O=502.62. SOURCE. From pitchblende which is an impure Uranoso-uranic Oxide or from Uranite, by treatment with concentrated Nitric Acid and removing the other metals from the solution by various methods.

CHARACTERS.-Light yellow prisms; odorless and having a bitter, astringent taste; somewhat efflorescent; radio-active. Solubility.-In 1.2 parts of water at 25°C. (77°F.); freely soluble in Alcohol or Ether.

IMPURITIES.—Alkaline earths, iron, manganese, zinc, sulphates, uranous

compounds.

Dose, 0.01 gm. = 10 milligm. (% gr.).

For the Therapeutics of Uranium Nitrate see p. 820.

V. MANGANUM
Mn=54.93

1. MANGANI DIOXIDUM PRÆCIPITATUM.-Precipitated Manganese Dioxide. Abv.-Mangan. Diox. Præc. Chiefly Manganese Dioxide (MnO2 =86.93), with small amounts of other Manganese Oxides, corresponding to not less than 80 per cent. of Manganese Dioxide.

SOURCE.-Manganese Sulphate, 50, is dissolved in distilled water, 1000. Ammonia Water, 250, is diluted with an equal volume of distilled water, and mixed with solution of Hydrogen Dioxide, 250, which has also been diluted with an equal volume of distilled water, and the mixed solutions are slowly poured, with constant stirring, into the solution of Manganese Sulphate. Allow the mixture to stand for one hour, stirring frequently; then decant the supernatant clear liquid from the precipitate, and wash the latter repeatedly by affusion and decantation with hot distilled water. Collect the precipitate on a plain filter, and continue the washing until the washings no longer have an alkaline reaction and produce no turbidity when mixed with Barium Chloride test solution. Allow the precipitate to drain; than dry it at 150°C. (302°F.).

CHARACTERS.-A heavy, very fine, black powder, without odor or taste. Insoluble in water or Alcohol.

IMPURITIES.—Antimony sulphide, insoluble substances.

INCOMPATIBLES.-Alkalies, carbonates, cyanides and phosphates. The same incompatibles apply to other Manganese salts.

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Manganese Dioxide is used for making Corrosive Mercuric Chloride and Potassium Permanganate.

For the Therapeutics of Precipitated Manganese Dioxide see p. 802.

2. POTASSII PERMANGANAS.-Potassium Permanganate. Abv.-Pot. Permang. KMnO1=158.03. It contains when dried to constant weight not less than 99 per cent. of Potassium Permanganate (MnOOK). It must not, when dry or in solution, be brought into contact with organic or other readily oxidizable substances.

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