Cantharis (cantharidin). Chimaphila (arbutin). Colocynthis (colocynthin). Frangula (frangulin). Gaultheria (arbutin, ursone). Mezereon (daphnin). Myrcia (myricin). Podophyllum (podophyllotoxin, etc.). Quassia (quassin). Quillaia (saponin). Sarsaparilla (sarsaparillin). Taraxacum (taraxacin). Uva Ursi (arbutin, ursone, ericolin). Vanilla (vanillin). Viburnum (viburnin). ACRID PRINCIPLES. What is meant by the term acrid principle? Acrid principles are extractive substances, frequently amorphous, of various composition; they are usually neutral principles, sometimes resinous, whose names end in in; some, however, have acid character, as senegin (polygallic acid); many of them resemble the glucoside saponin, as found in quillaja, etc. Mention the characteristics of the alkaloids. They are active vegetable principles, behaving toward acids as does ammonia, which fact gives them the Greek termina tion (oid) = alkali-like bodies; most of them contain nitrogen; they form precipitates with tannic acid, forming insoluble tannates (for this reason tannin is used as an antidote for them); they are precipitated also by the fixed alkalies, also by phospho-tungstic acid, ammonium molybdate, potassium iodo-hydrargyrate, platinic chloride, picric acid, etc. Name the official alkaloids. The following is a list of the official alkaloids, some of which form official salts, as indicated: : OPIUM ALKALOIDS. Opium, contains 9 per cent. morphine. Opium Deodoratum, contains 13-15 per cent. morphine. Morphina, CH19NO2H2O. Morphine Hydrochloras, Hydrochlorate of Morphine, C1H1NO3HC1.3H2O. Morphina Sulphas, Sulphate of Morphine, C,,H,,NO3H2SO1.5H2O. Morphina Acetas, Acetate of Morphine, C1HNO3.HC2H2O23H2O. Codeina, Methyl Morphine, CsHNO2H2O. Apomorphine Hydrochloras, Hydrochlorate of Apomorphine, C1HNO.HCl. An artificial alkaloid formed by heating morphine in a sealed tube with strong hydrochloric acid. CINCHONA ALKALOIDS. Cinchona Flava contains 2.5 per cent. quinine. Quinina, Quinine, C2H4N2O2 + 3H2O. Quinina Bisulphas, Bisulphate of Quinine, CHN2O2H2SO,.7H2O. Quinine Hydrobromas, Hydrobromate of Quinine, C20H24N2O2HBr.H2O. Quinine Hydrochloras, Hydrochlorate of Quinine, C20H24′′ N2O2HC1.2H2O. Quinine Sulphas, Sulphate of Quinine, (C2H24N2O2)2H2SO4.7H2O. Quinina Valerianas, Valerianate of Quinine, CH24N2O2.CH10O2.H2O. Quinidine Sulphas, Sulphate of Quinidine, (C2H24N2O2)2H2SO1.2H2O. Cinchonina, Cinchonine, C,,H2N2O. Cinchonina Sulphas, Sulphate of Cinchonine, (C1,H22N2O)2H2SO4.2H2O. Cinchonidine Sulphas, Sulphate of Cinchonidine, (C19H22N2O), H2SO,.3H,O. Chinoidin, Mixture of, alkaloids. STRYCHNINE. Nux Vomica contains 0.2-0.5 per cent. strychnine. Strychnina, Strychnine, C2H2N2O2. Strychnine Sulphas, Sulphate of Strychnine, (C2H22N2O2)2′′ H2SO4.5H2O. Atropina, Atropine, C1HNO3. Atropine Sulphas, Sulphate of Atropine, (C1H2NO3)2H2SO. CAFFEINE. Caffeina, C.HN,O.H2O. Caffeina Citrata. Caffeina Citrata Effervescens. (See also p. 180.) Hydrastis. Hyoscyamus. HYDRASTINE, C11H11NO2. Hydrastinina Hydrochloras, C1H1NO2,HCl. HYOSCYAMINE, C17H23NO3. Hyoscina Hydrobromas, C1H2NO,HBr,3H2O. Physostigma. PHYSOSTIGMINE, C15H21N3O2. Physostigmina (Eserine) Salicylas, Salicylate of Physostigmine, C15H2N3O2.C-H6O3. 21 Stramonium (daturine). Tabacum (nicotine). Veratrum viride (jervine). Hydrastis (berberine, hydrastine). Antifebrin (acetanilid) and many like artificial products are erroneously supposed by some to be alkaloid in character. They are, however, organic chemical products. Antifebrin is obtained by the action of glacial acetic acid and heat on aniline (see page 147). What are the ingredients in effervescent citrate of caffeine? Caffeine 10 Gm., Citric Acid 10 Gm., Sodium Bicarbonate 330 Gm., Tartaric Acid 300 Gm., Sugar, in very fine powder, 350 Gm., Alcohol q. s. ft. 1000 Gm. FERMENTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. Give a brief account of this class of bodies. There are two classes of ferments, known respectively as organized and soluble ferments. The former are minute bodies of organic structure capable of growth and reproduction, illustrated by the so-called brewer's yeast (torula, or saccharomyces cerevisiae). The soluble ferments, on the other hand, have no organic structure and do not grow and reproduce as animalcula. These fermentative principles are formed in certain fluids of the body, etc.-Ptyalin (in the saliva), Pepsin (in the gastric juice), Pancreatin (in the pancreatic juice), Diastase (in malt), Emulsin (in almonds), Myrosin (in mustard), etc. What are some of the special properties of these unorganized ferments? Ptyalin converts starch into sugar. Diastase converts starch into sugar. Pepsin converts albumen into peptone in acid solutions. (See pepsin test in U. S. P.) Pancreatin converts albumen and caseine into peptone in alkaline solutions, emulsifies fats, and converts starch into sugar. Emulsin and myrosin (see below, under cyanogen). How is pepsin made? Pepsina Saccharatum, U. S. P., is made by digesting the inner mucous lining of the stomach of the hog with acidulated (HCl) water; straining the solution and precipitating it by NaCl; the light flocculent precipitate which rises and floats on the surface is collected, washed, dried, pulverized and |