policy of the central government. The Lieutenant-Governor of each province is appointed by the GovernorGeneral, while the other officials are elected by the people. The present executive is composed as follows: Executive for Prince Edward Island-Attorney-General, Hon. Arthur Peters, Premier; Secretary, Treasurer and Commissioner of Agriculture, Hon. Benjamin Rogers; Commissioner of Public Works, Hon. James H. Cummiskey; Members of Council, Hon, James W. Richards, Hon. Peter McNutt, Hon. R. C. McLeod, Hon. Malcolm McDonald, Hon. George Forbes; Clerk, Arthur Newbery. Executive for Nova Scotia.-Provincial Secretary, Hon. G. H. Murray, Premier; Attorney-General, Hon. J. W. Longley; Commissioner of Works and Mines, Hon. Arthur Drysdale; Members of Council, Hon. Thomas Johnson, Hon. A. H. Comean, Hon. A. MacGillivray, Hon. T. R. Black, Hon, D. McPherson, Hon. W. T. Piper. Executive for New Brunswick-Provincial Secretary and Receiver-General, Hon. Lemuel J. Tweedie, Premier; Surveyor-General, Hon. A. T. Dunn; Attorney-General, Hon. William Pugsley; Commissioner for Agriculture, Hon. Lauchlan P. Farris; Chief Commissioner of Public Works, C. H. La Billois; Members of Council, Hon. H. A. McKeown, Hon. George F. Hill; Clerk, J. H. Dickson. Executive for Quebec-Minister of Lands, Mines and Fisheries, Hon. S. N. Parent, Premier; AttorneyGeneral, H. Archambeault: Minister of Agriculture, Hon. F. G. M. Dechene; Secretary and Register, Hon. H. Tomgeon; Provincial Treasurer, Hon. H. T. Duffy; without portfolio, Hon. J. J. Guerin; Minister of Colonization, Hon. L. Gouin; Clerk, G. Grenier. Executive for Ontario-Treasurer, Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier; Attorney-General, Hon. J. M. Gibson; Minister of Education, Hon. Richard Harcourt; Commissioner of Public Works, Hon. F. R. Latchford; Secretary, Hon. J. R. Stratton; Commissioner of Crown Lands, Hon. E. J. Davis; Minister of Agriculture, and Registrar, Hon. John Dryden; Clerk, John R. Cartwright. Executive for Manitoba-Minister of Agriculture and Immigration, Hon. R. P. Roblin, Premier; Treasurer and Land Commissioner, Hon. J. A. Davidson; Secretary, Hon. D. H. McFadden; Attorney-General, Minister of Education and Municipal Commissioner, Hon. Colin H. Campbell; Minister of Public Works, Hon. Robert Rogers; Clerk, C. Graburn. Executive for British Columbia-President, Hon. James Dunsmuir, Premier; Secretary and Minister of Education, Hon. J. D. Prentice; Attorney-General, Hon. D. M. Eberts; Minister of Finance and Agriculture, Hon. J. D. Prentice; Coinmissioner of Lands and Works, Hon. W. C. Wells; Minister of Mines. Colonel the Hon. E. G. Prior. Executive for Northwest Territories-Attorney-General, F. W. G. Haultain: Treasurer and Commissioner of Public Works, J. H. Ross; Secretary and Commissioner of Agriculture, G. H. V. Bulyea; Clerk of Council and King's Printer, J. A. Reid. Population. As no vital statistics are collected for the Dominion it is impossible to estimate the rate of natural increase in population. The population of its largest cities, however, was as follows in 1901: Montreal, 266, 836; Toronto, 207.971; Quebec, 68,834; Ottawa, 59,902; Hamilton, 52,550; Winnipeg, 42,336; Halifax, 40,787; St. John, 40.711; London, 37,983; Vancouver, 26,196; Victoria, 20,821. Religion. There is no established Church in the Dominion. The Roman Catholic Church is governed by one Cardinal, seven Archbishops, twenty-three Bishops and about 1,600 clergy; the Episcopal Church by twenty bishops and more than 1,000 clergy, while the Presbyterian Church has 1.000 ministers, the Methodist Church 1,700 and the Baptist Church 550 ministers. The census of 1891 gives the number of followers of each creed: Roman Catholics, 1,992,017; Presbyterians, 755,326; Episcopalians, 646,059; Methodists. 847,765; Baptists, 303,839; Lutherans, 63,982; Congregationalists, 28,157; other creeds, 106,739; Pagan and no creed, 89,355. Education. There are one or more universities in each province, and several colleges that prepare for university degrees. The total annual expenditure of these institutions is more than $700,000, and they are attended by nearly 14,000 students. The public school system is also upon a good basis. In 1901 there were 18,963 schools, which were attended by 1,100,000 pupils, and the annual expenditure for their support exceeded $10,000,000. Crime and the Courts.-Each province in the Dominion has its Superior and County Courts, and there is a Supreme Court in Ottawa, composed of a Chief Justice and five judges, which has jurisdiction throughout Canada. According to the criminal statistics recently prepared by the Dominion statistician the number of charges in 1901 for indictable offences was 128 less than in 1900, being 8,291 in 1901, as against 8,419 in 1900. The statistical position of 1900 as compared to 1899, however, was 249 more charges. The percentage of convictions in 1901 was 68 per cent, as against 68.51 per cent in 1900. The convictions by provinces were as follows: The convictions for indictable offences in 1901, in which the convicted represented himself as a dweller in a city or town, numbered 4,217. From those figures the following results are worked out: Urban crime, 29.80 persons in every 10,000 inhabitants; rural crime, 2.35 persons in every 10,000 inhabitants. By occupations the returns denote that convicted crime among the agricultural, commercial, domestic, professional and laboring classes decreased. Convicted crime among the industrial class increased, the figures being 652 in 1901 and 590 in 1900, an increase of 62. By percentages it was 11.56 per cent in 1901, 10.01 in 1900, and 12 per cent in 1899. Of the total convictions during 1901 males numbered 5,338 against 5,430 in 1900, a decrease of 92. Females numbered 300, against 338, a decrease of 38. With regard to juvenile delinquency, while there has been a satisfactory decrease in the juvenile crimluals of the female sex, the juvenile criminals of the male sex have most disproportionately increased. This is the most serious fact of the records of crime in Canada. In regard to summary convictions, there was an increase of 1.7 per cent in 1901 as compared with 1900. For the last seven years the committals to the penitentiaries have not varied greatly in number. For 1901 they were 492, the offences being as follows: Murder and attempt, 4; manslaughter, 7; social offences, 37: bigamy, 3; shooting at or wounding with intent, 28; assault, 18; burglary and robbery with violence, 137; horse, cattle and sheep stealing. 17; other offences against property, 196; forgery and offences against the currency, 19; arson, 10; other felonies and misdemeanors, 16; total, 492. The following is the total number of convictions of all kinds in Canada for the year ending September 30, 1901: Offences against the person, 4,677; offences against property with violence, 450; offences against property without violence, 4.216; malicious offences against property, 192; forgery and offenecs against the currency, 91; other offences not included in the above classes (including drunkenness, vagrancy, petty larceny, etc.), 32,025; total, 41,651. The facts relating to crime in Canada were supplied to The American Almanac by James Massle, Esq. Registrar, Toronto, Canada.] Products and Industries.-The Dominion is rich in mineral resources, and vast areas of the mining propertles are still unimproved. The total value of mineral products in 1900 was $63,775,090. The coal produced in 1900 exceeded 5,332,197 tons, with a value of more than $12,668,000, while among the other minerals mined in 1900 were: Gold, $27,916,752; nickel. $3.227,700; asbestos, $763,431; copper, $3,227,707; silver. $2,730,598; lead, $2,760,521; pig iron, $583.158; petroleum, $1,151,000. The timber wealth of Canada is also great, and the production of lumber is one of its largest Industries. The wood pulp industry is also increasing rapidly, the exportable surplus in 1900 being nearly $2,000,000. The value of the timber products in 1900 exceeded $32.790,000. Much attention has recently been given to agriculture, and the efforts of the Board of Agriculture to educate the people in the most modern methods of farming and dairying have met with remarkable success. The exports in 1901 included the following agricultural products: Wheat, $6,871,939; flour, $4,015,226; oats, $2,490,521; oatmeal, $467,807, peas, $2.482,249: cattle, $9,064,562; cheese, $20,696,951; butter, $3,295,663; pork, bacon and ham, $11,829,820; eggs, $1,691,640. The fisheries of Canada are also a great source of income, the value of the catches in 1900 exceeding $20,000,000. Militia. Since the passage of the Consolidation act the Dominion militia has been under the command of a Major-General of the British army. For military purposes the Dominion is divided into twelve districts, with district officers and a brigadier staff in each. The permanent militia number 1,021; the active militia, 38,090, while the reserve militia consists of all adult males between the age of eighteen and sixty years who are not serving in the active militia. In addition there are two royal schools of artillery, one school of cavalry, one of mounted rifles and five of infantry. There is also a well-established military college at Kingston. At the present time Canada possesses no marine militia, but efforts are now being made to include the Dominion among the recruiting stations for the Imperial navy. Railways and Canals.-Canada's system of canal, river and lake navigation is more than 2,700 miles in length, and through it vessels pass from lake ports to the Atlantic without breaking bulk. At the close of 1900 nearly $80,000,000 had been spent on canal construction alone. The total length of the railroads in the Dominion is nearly 18,000 miles, the line of the Canadian Pacific alone being 2,906, from Montreal to Vancouver. There are also thirty-five electric railways in Canada, with a mileage of 681. As Financial and Commercial.-If it were not for the public debt, the interest on which forms the largest items in the list of annual expenditures, Canada's revenue would greatly exceed her disbursements. this debt was chiefly incurred on account of public works and improvements, however, its magnitude does not appall, for its payment in the natural course of, events can only be a matter of time. The following table will furnish some idea of the financial growth of the Dominion: FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE DOMINION, 1881-1901. 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 $29,635,297.54 $25,502,554.42 $5.88 $1,217,153.33 $29.635,297.54 $33,796,642.66 $98,290.823 $105,330,840 In Newfoundland the Government is administered by a Governor, who is appointed by the Crown at a salary of $10,000, and he is assisted by an Executive Council of nine members, a Legislative Council of fifteen members and a House of Assembly composed of thirty-six representatives. The present Governor, Sir Cavendish Boyle, was appointed in 1901. His Executive Council is composed as follows: Premier and Colonial Secretary, Hon. Robert Bond; Minister of Justice, Hon. W. H. Horwood; Minister of Finance, Hon. E. M. Jackman; Ministers without portfolios, Hon. E. P. Morris, Hon. A. W. Harvey, Hon. J. S. Pitts, Hon. H. J. B. Woods, Hon. J D. Ryan and Hon. G. Gnowling. The population of Newfoundland is estimated as somewhat in excess of 200,000, of whom 72,400 are Roman Catholies, 68,000 Anglicans and 53,000 Methodists. These inhabitants have largely located along the coast of the island, the interior of which is still practically in a state of nature, although the construction of nearly 640 miles of railroad has tended to attract settlers to the rich tracts of agricultural, mineral and timber lands which had hitherto been almost unapproachable. Mining and fishing are the chief industries of the island, the exports of the colony being: Codfish, $5,453,588; cod and seal oil, $778,322; seal skins, $162.330; lobsters, $441.202; minerals, $1,046,792. St. John's, the capital of Newfoundland, has a population of about 30,000, while the population of other large towns is: Harbor Grace, 6,466; Carbonear, 4,127; Twillingate, 3,585; Bonavista, 3,551, Labrador, a dependency of Newfoundland, forms the most easterly part of America. It possesses a few missionary settlements and a few posts established by the Hudson Bay Company. Its fisheries are its only industries. Greece. Capital: Greece was a province of the Turkish Empire from the beginning of the sixteenth century until it gained its independence by the insurrection of 1821-29. By the protocol of London, February 3, 1830, it was declared a kingdom, under the protection of France, Great Britain and Russia, and the crown was offered to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. He declined the honor, however, after which it was accepted by Prince Otto of Bavaria, who ascended the throne January 25, 1833, and reigned until October, 1862, when he was expelled from the kingdom. The present ruler, George I., was the second son of the present King of Denmark, and was born December 24, 1845. After the expulsion of the late ruler the Greeks, meeting in National Assembly elected him King of the Hellenes, March 18, 1863, and on June 4 of the same year he accepted the crown, his father acting as his guardian, as he was not then of legal age. On October 27, 1807, he was married to Grand Duchess Olga (born August 22, 1851), the eldest daughter of Grand Duke Constantine, of Russia, the brother of the late Emperor. Their children are: THE MINISTRY.-The Ministry is constituted as follows: Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Alex Th. Zaimis; Minister of the Interior, M. Nicholas Triantaphylakos; Minister of Worship and Instruction, M. Ant. Momferato: Minister of War and Marine. Colonel George Corpas: Minister of Finance, M. Ph. Negris; Minister of Justice, M. C. Topalis. THE NATION.-Since 1829 Greece has been an independent, constitutional, monarchy. Its independence is protected by Great Britain, France and Russia. The Kingdom of Hellas, as it is correctly styled, includes the three provinces of ponnesus, the three of Thessaly power rests in the one-chambered tives, elected by male ballot to The principal religion is that Complete religious liberty is guar stitutionally that of the State, heirs must profess it. By special King George I. Nominally, school attendance of five and twelve years. The actual revenues for 1901 were 200; public debt (1901) $168,548, 171,424,980 drachmai (about $34, Greece is an agricultural coun over 5,500,000 acres are in culti 3,000,000 are waste land. The portant. The special commerce in exports, $20,417,864. The first school for higher established by decree in 1837, and universities of Germany. Classes what had formerly been a private suitable for the university to be ing was erected and dedicated, and since. The attendance is not the country, owing probably to pov only purely ecclesiastical institu dom is the Rizareian School, an en for priesthood. A collegiate school, ens, for the education of children of Catholic parents of that city. Athens, the conservatory of music, the libraries, laboratories and complete the institutions for higher learning. King of Greece. Northern Greece, the five of Philoand five islands. The legislative body, the Bule, of 207 representaserve four years. of the Greek Orthodox Church. anteed, but this religion is conand all succeeding rulers and their enactment this is not required of is compulsory between the ages $13,650,533; expenditures $13.626,444, including a paper debt of 284,996). try. Of its 25,000 square miles, vation; 5,000,000 are pasture and manufactures are few and unim1900 was: Imports, $15,997,213; learning in modern Greece was was modelled somewhat upon the met and lectures were heard in house, there being no structure found in Athens. In 1841 a buildthe university has grown slowly proportionate to the population of erty and political disturbances. The tion of higher learning in the kingdowed institution for candidates the Leonine Lyceum, exists at AthThe Arsakeian School for girls, also at museums, supported by the Government, The Greek army is based on what resembles a feudal system, the soldier, with the exception of those in the Chasseur branch of service, is a Jack-of-all-trades, and exercises the functions of policeman, fireman and excise officer. The pay of the private is 100 lepta a day, or about 20 cents, of which 25 lepta a day are taken to provide for arms and equipment, 59 go for food and 1 lepta is deducted for the support of the home for aged soldiers. The Chasseur branch, in picturesque starched kilts and short jackets, forms the important arm of the service, and it is due to this branch that the mountains of Greece are practically free of brigands. According to recent reports in trade journals, the progress of communication within Greece is very marked and promises soon to bring convenience of travel to a level with those of any country in Europe. The first electric street railway in Greece has just been completed in Patras, and the Athens-Piraeus railway is about to be equipped for electric service. All of the apparatus has been supplied by American companies, and the corporation operating the road is the Thomson-Houston Company, of the United States. Guatemala. 1 Capital: NEW GUATEMALA. Guatemala was discovered by Columbus in 1502, and in 1524 the country became a Spanish dependency, being erected into a captain-generalcy by Charles V. in 1527. Its history during the years of Spanish occupancy is nearly identical with that of other Central American territories, and not until 1821, when the yoke of Spain was thrown off, did the country begin to have a story of its own. In that year it became a part of the Mexican empire under Iturbide, and in 1823 became a part of the Central American Federal Republic. In 1839 the territory of the latter was diminished by the secession of Honduras, and eight years later Guatemala separated from the confederation, becoming an independent republie on March 21, 1847. Up to 1862 Guatemala kept out of the many wars which proved so disastrous to other Spanish-American countries, but shortly after that time its finances were considerably embarrassed and its development retarded by a succession of petty wars. 1870 several towns and villages were visited by an earthquake and several were severely damaged. May, 1871, a revolution broke out against President Cerna, which was terminated by his deposition and the installation of Granados to the executive chair. The new government was soon obliged to exile the archbishop of Guatemala and banish the Jesults, who were charged with stirring up a new revolution in favor of Cerna. The property of the Jesuits was confiscated, the order being declared extinct. In 1872 an alliance, offensive and defensive, was made with San Salvador, the principal stipulations of which were mutual protection in the event of internal dissensions, the connecting of the two republics by telegraph lines, and the complete interdiction of the Jesuits. The constitution now in force was proclaimed December, 1879, and modified in 1885, 1887 and 1889. By its terms the legislative power is vested in a National Assembly consisting of one member for every 20.000 inhabitants and elected for a term of four years, and a Council In In of State of thirteen members, partly elected by the National Assembly and partly appointed by the Presi dent. The executive is vested in a President, elected for a term of six years, and not eligible to re-election for the following period. The area of Guatemala is estimated at 48,290 square miles, and in 1900 the population was 1,574,340. About 60 per cent are pure Indians, the remainder being half caste, with but very few descendants of Europeans. The Republic is administratively divided into 22 departments. Almost the whole surface of the Republic is an elevated plateau, which is a continuation of the tableland of Yucatan, intersected by numerous mountains, with deep and extensive valleys. No continuous mountain chain traverses the country, but the depressions of the tableland toward the Pacific coast is so rapid and presents so many steep declivities that when viewed from the sea it looks like an elevated mountain range. The edge of the plain toward the ocean is marked by several volcanoes, some of which are still active. Remarkable among the extinct volcanoes is the Volcan de Agua, so named from a torrent of water which burst from its crater in 1541 and overwhelmed the first city of Guatemala, the ruins of which still exist. All the volcanoes, whether active or extinct, are in a line with those of Nicaragua and Sau Salvador. Agriculture is the principal industry, and coffee, sugar, corn, bananas, tobacco and cocoa are the leading products. By the national Land Law of 1894 the State lands, except those on the frontiers and seashore, were divided into lots for sale, the maximum allotment permitted to one person being fifteen caballarias, or about 1,687 acres. The price varies from $250 per caballaria (112% acres) to $400 or $500, including costs of surveys, titles, etc. Uncultivated land may be granted gratuitously to immigrants or immigrant companies, to municipalities, villages and schools, or as assistance toward road making. The forest area has an extent of about 526,593 hectares. The soil generally is very fertile, and especially adapted to the growing of coffee. The largest coffee plantations are in the hands of Germans. To encourage rubber cultivation it was provided by decree of January 14, 1899, that for every 20,000 rubber plants four years old planted after the date of the decree the owner should receive 112 acres of national land. On the high tableland there is excellent grazing ground. Gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, manganese, antimony, sulphur, salt. lignite and other minerals exist, but are little worked. In 1897 mining for gold was carried on at the Motaga River, where about $50,000 had been spent in machinery, dwellings, etc. Silver and salt mining are also carried on with profit. The precious metals are found in but small quantities, however. In regard to the trade conditions of the Republic, a comprehensive resume of the conditions was prepared by Consul-General James C. McNally, at Guatemala City in May. 1902. He said in his report to the Government that the opportunity for the introduction of American goods into Guatemala was never so good as at that time. Shoes and haberdashery are in constant demand, while cotton fabrics, hardware, paints, oils and varnishes have a ready sale. The objection is made to American goods that they are not adequately represented by agents, and the dealers are loath to purchase without knowing the full quality of the articles they are asked to buy. The catalogue or circular system of advertising is of but little value. On the 18th of April, 1902, severe earthquakes destroyed much property in the vicinity of Guatemala City, and caused serious damage to the city itself. Quezaltenango, Antigua and Santa Lucia were among the towns that suffered most, and the loss of life in these three places was estimated at more than 500. The only white person reported killed was Mrs. Clara Kildare, the wife of a photographer at Quezaltenango. The volcanoes of Chingo and Santa Maria became active, the latter for the first time since the earliest Spanish settlements. In view of the suffering caused by the destruction of homes and of coffee plantations, an extra session of the Congress of the Republic was called, with a view of taking such measures as the conditions demanded. Several decrees were passed, increasing the import duties on articles of luxury such ag could be produced in the Republic, and the duties on building materials, including paints and oils, were removed for a period of five years. The decrees were approved at once by the President. Roman Catholicism is the prevailing religion in the Republic, but all creeds have complete liberty of worship. The Government does not recognize any creed above another. Education is free and compulsory. Besides the primary and secondary schools, there are several institutes and normal schools, several establishments for professional and special education, and a polytechnic school. The Government also supports a national library. There are six railroads in the Republic, with a total length of about 342 miles. In 1902 there were several roads projected, and routes for some of them have been surveyed. The longest railway now open to traffic is the Northern Railroad, along the Atlantic coast, and having a length of 159 miles. About 25 miles more of this road has been prepared for rails. The national telegraph system was in a flourishing condition, according to reports by the Secretary of Public Works, made in June, 1902. In the same report it was shown that the earthquakes of April so affected the coffee plantations, to the extent of damaging the warehouses and machinery, that the crop of 1902 was expected to be not more than one-half of the usual output. The forests of Guatemala furnish an excellent quality of mahogany and cedar, and recently concessions have been given to F. Arturo Ramirez. to cut mahogany and cedar on the public lands within a belt extending five miles on each side of the Northern Railway, to an amount not to exceed 2,500 tons. The concessionaire is to pay into the National Treasury from $3 to $4 a metric ton for all mahogany cut, depending upon the quality of the timber. The army of Guatemala, the cost of which is about one-tenth of the total public expenditure, consists of about 7,000 officers and men in regular service. The effective army consists of 56,900 men from eighteen to thirty years of age, and the reserve has 30,000 men from thirty to fifty years of age. In his message to Congress in 1902, the President of the Republic spoke of the benefits to be derived from the recent Convention of Peace and Obligatory Arbitration lately celebrated between the South American Republics, and referred to the opportune visits of the Presidents of Costa Rica and Salvador, to Guate mala. He reported that the Departinent of Finance was able to pay, in 1901, the sum of 10,000,000 pesos for account of expenses of the Government, and in liquidation of the public debt, and this without having to negotiate new loans or increase the rate of taxation. There are three banks of issue in the Republic, which are jointly empowered to arrange for the issue of notes to the extent of $6,000,000, to be legal tender to the exclusion of bank notes and coin, even for debts contracted to be paid for in silver. The President of the Republic is Estrada Cabrera, and the Ministers of State are: Minister of Interior and Justice, Juan J. Argueta; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Juan Barrios; Minister of War, Luis Molina; Minister of Finance, Guillermo Auguirre: Minister of Public Instruction, J. A. Mandujano. HALL |