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ENDICOTT, WILLIAM C., JR. (compiler). Immigration Laws of the United States (1887).

FAIRLIE, J. A. National Administration of the United States of America (1905).

GRIFFIN, A. P. C. List of References on the U. S. Consular Service, with Appendix on Consular Systems in Foreign Countries (Library of Congress, 1905).

HARTS, W. W. "Some Desirable Governmental Policies for River Improvements," in Bulletin American Economic Association, 4th series, No. 2, 154, April 1911).

HEPBURN, A. B. Artificial Waterways and Commercial Development (1909).

HUNT, GAILLARD. History of the Department of State (1893).

ILLINOIS CANAL COMMISSIONERS. Annual Reports (1912–1913).

INGRAM, AUGUSTUS E. Digest of Circular Instructions to Consular Officers (Department of State, 1908).

JOHNSON, EMORY R. "The Early History of the United States Consular Service, 1776–1792,” in Political Science Quarterly, XIII, March 1898, p. 19.

Inland Waterway Policy, in Bulletin American Economic Association, 4th series, No. 2, 166, April 1911.

Inland Waterways: Their Relation to Transportation (1893).

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'River and Harbor Bills," in Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 11, May 1892, pp. 782-812.

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER. Internal Improvements, in Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States (J. J. Lalor, ed.), II, 573, 1883.

JONES, CHESTER LLOYD. The Consular Service of the United States: Its History and Activities (Publications, University of Pennsylvania, 1906).

JONES, EVAN R. (ed.). The Shipping World Year-Book (annual, 1902- ).

KAPP, FRIEDRICH. Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York (1870).

KERR and MOLL. Organization, Powers and Duties of Health Authorities (U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 54, 1912).

MOXEY, EDWIN. Federal Quarantine Laws, in Political Science Quarterly, xxIII, 617, Dec. 1908.

NATIONAL RIVERS AND HARBORS CONGRESS. Proceedings (annual, 1901– ).

NEW YORK BARGE Canal TERMINAL COMMISSION. Report and Proceedings (2 vols., 1911). NEW YORK (STATE) COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION. Report (1909).

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PORT ADMINISTRATION AND HARBOR FACILITIES: A SYMPOSIUM, in Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, xXIX, 357-386, 1907.

POWELL, BURT E. "Jefferson and the Consular Service," in Political Science Quarterly, XXI, 626, Dec. 1906.

PURDY, T. C. Report on the Canals of the United States (in U. S. Census 1880, IV).

REINSCH, PAUL S. Public International Unions, etc. (1911).

RENNINGER, WARREN D. Government Policy in Aid of American Shipbuilding (A thesis; Univer

sity of Pennsylvania, 1911).

SHELTON, WILLIAM A. "The Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep Waterway," etc. (in Journal of Political Economy, xx, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 1912).

SMITH, R. A. C. The Commerce and other Business of the Waterways of the State of New York, etc.
(Prepared for the governor of New York, etc., 1914).

SOLEY, J. R. The Maritime Industries of the United States (vol. 1, N. S. Shaler, The United
States of America, 1894).

UNITED STATES:

Congress

Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors from
August 11, 1790 to March 4, 1907 (House Doc. No. 425, 58 Cong., 3 sess.,
2 vols., 1907).

House Reports—

Report of Lynch Committee on Causes of the Reduction of American Tonnage (No. 28,
41 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 1, 1870).

Report of Committee on Foreign Affairs on the Improvement of the Foreign Service
(No. 840, 62 Cong., 2 sess., 1912).

Senate Reports—

Report of the Merchant Marine Commission (No. 2755, 58 Cong., 3 sess., 1905). Department of Commerce

Bureau of the Census (in Department Commerce and Labor, 1903-1913)—

Official Register of the United States (or Blue Book). (1816-. Biennial since
1817. I vol. 1816-1879; 2 vols. 1879-.) Issued by Department of
State, 1816-1859; Department of the Interior, 1861-1905.
Bureau of Navigation (established 1884; in Department of Commerce and Labor, 1903-
1913). Annual Report, 1884-.

Steamboat-Inspection Service (in Department of the Treasury, 1838-1903; Department
of Commerce and Labor 1903-1913.) Annual Report of Supervising
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Department of Commerce and Labor (divided by act of March 4, 1913, into Department of
Commerce and Department of Labor)—

Organization and Law of the Department of Commerce and Labor (1904.

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Promotion of Commerce (Miscellaneous
Series Nos. 6, 6a, and 6b, 1911-1912).

Department of Labor

Bureau of Immigration (in Department of the Treasury, 1891-1903; in Department of
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Department of State

Secretary

History of Department of State (1901).

Outline of Organization and Work of the Department of State (1911).

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1

INDEX.

Act of 1650, 1, 38.

Act of 1651, chief provisions of, 1, 39, 41, 50.
Act of 1660, 1, 40, 41, 42, 50, 141, 165.
Act of 1663, 1, 41, 50, 151, 165.

Act of 1673, 1, 42, 43, 50, 165, 166, 167.

Act of 1696, 1, 43, 50, 166.

Act of 1699, 1, 45.

Act of 1733, 1, 43, 100, 156.
Act of 1750, 1, 46.

Act of 1764, 1, 100.

Acts of Trade, discussion of, 1, 35; evasion of,
by colonies, 1, 166; summary of effects of,
1,52; see also British Trade Acts and Navi-
gation Acts.

American commercial policy, 1776-1789, 1,
132-144; determined by the States, 1,

132.

American fisheries, before 1789, 1, 145-161;
from the Peace of Paris to the Revolution,

1, 156; in the sixteenth century, 1, 146;
see also Fisheries.

American foreign trade, changes in destination
and routes of, 1, 130; survey of, at begin-
ning of national period, 11, 3-13.
American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, I,
362.

"American system," inauguration of, 1, 219;
effect of, 1, 220; rise of, 11, 53.

Adams, John, work of, in peace negotiations, | Amsterdam Company, charter granted to, I,
I, 159.

"Adventurers" finance Plymouth Colony, 1,

187.

African slave trade, beginnings of, 1, 100.
Agriculture, development of, 1860-1900, 1, 257;

importance of, in early colonial history, 1, 70.
Agriculture, Department of, establishment of,
II, 254.

Agricultural industries, development of, in

Central States and Southwest, II, 41;
growth of, 1900-1910, 1, 313.

28, 177; see also New Netherland.
Anti-trust Act, enactment of, I, 294.
Appalachian Valley, an influential factor pre-

ceding the Revolution, 1, 13; exceptional
fertility of, 1, 12; location of, 1, 12.
Arbitration of fur-seal fisheries dispute, award
of arbitrators in, II, 237; questions sub-
mitted, II, 236.

Arbitration of North Atlantic fisheries dispute,
award in, II, 232; questions submitted, II,

231.

Agricultural products, increase of, after 1790, Atlantic and Gulf coasts, coastwise trade of,
II, 19.

Alaska, acquired by the United States, II, 99;
canning of salmon in, II, 214; discovery of,
II, 99; discovery of gold in, II, 99; market
for American wares in, II, 101; purchase of,
by United States, II, 217; trade with, 11,99.
Alaska Commercial Company, п, 218.
Allegheny Mountains, first great westward
movements over the, 1, 15.

Allegheny passes, and the beginnings of western
commerce, 1, 14.

since 1860, 1, 348, 356; extent and value of
fisheries of, 11, 182; fisheries of, 11, 179–
201.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, beginning of,
1, 221.

Bank of Massachusetts, II, 19.
Bank of New York, 11, 19.

Bank of North America, 1, 303; 11, 19.
Bank of the United States, First, 1, 304; 11, 19;
Second, 1, 217, 304.

Allerton, Isaac, agent of Plymouth Colony, Banking, conditions after 1790, 11, 19; enact-
I, 26.

America, see United States.

American coastwise trade, see Coastwise Trade.
American commerce, British regulations affect-
ing, 1783-1795, 1, 129; conditions affecting,
1783-1789, 1, 127; documentary sources
and other references on, 1, 113; during
eighteenth century to the Revolution, sum-
mary of development of, 1, 110; early de-
velopment of, 1660-1700, 1, 66-83; in 1660,
general survey of, 1, 33; sources of statis-
tical information concerning, 1, 112; see
also Commerce.

ment of National Banking Act, 11, 63; Fed-
eral Reserve Act, 1, 322; organization of
Federal and State, 1, 303; safety-fund sys-
tem in, 1, 305; service of, to commerce, I,
307; wildcat, 11, 63.

Banks, regulation of, by the States and the
consequences, 1, 305.

Barbary pirates, defeat of, 1, 160; 11, 17.
Bering, Vites, discovers Alaska, 11, 99.
Berlin decree issued, 11, 30.

Bibliography, 352-386; general references, II,
363.

Bills of exchange, types of, 11, 131.

Black Ball Line, establishment of, 1, 186; 11,
121.

Blaine-Bond convention negotiated, 11, 230.
Blessing of the Bay, launching of, 1, 72.
Blockade-running, II, 57.

Board of Customs Commissioners, establish-
ment of, 1, 112, 115.

Bond-Hay convention, II, 230.

Boston, coastwise entrances at, 1902 and 1911,
1, 355.

Boston Tea Party, 11, 49.

Bounties, by the colonies, 1, 60; effects of, on

exports, 1, 61; in aid of the cod fishery,
II, 162; on lumber in 1765, 1, 106; to fish-
eries in 1789, 1790, 1792, 11, 10; two dis-
tinct kinds of, 1, 61.

Boxer troubles in China, 11, 148, 152.
British commercial policy, effects of, upon

colonial industry, commerce and manufac-
tures, 1, 49; most significant feature of,
1, 50.

British legislation, effects of, upon colonial
trade, I, 182.

Carrying trade, growth of, 1790–1807, 11, 27;
1865-1900, 11, 84; see also Vessel.
Census, Bureau of the, work of, 11, 257; the first,
11, 256.

Central States, resources and industrial char-
acteristics of, 1, 198; trade of, with Eastern
States via waterways, I, 230.

Cereals and flour, history of trade in, 1860-
1900, I, 271.

Chamberlain-Bayard convention negotiated;
modus vivendi, 1888, 11, 229.
Charter traffic, 1, 187; II, 119.
Chartered companies, powers granted to, 1, 20;
services of, in settlement and early com-
merce of America, 1, 18; summary of con-
tribution of, to early development of
American commerce, 1, 121; why consti-
tuted, 1, 19.

Chicago, connected with New York by rail, 1,
228; spectacular growth of, 1, 235.
China, commencement of direct trade with, 11,
146, 336; commercial treaties with, 11, 145.
"Chinese Hongs," 11, 26.

British mercantile system, failure of, 1, 53; Cincinnati, internal trade of, 1830-1860, 1, 244;

leading principles of, 1, 47, 49.

British Navigation Acts, colonial coastwise

trade and the, 1, 165; general purposes of,
1, 182.

British regulation of colonial manufactures, I,
44.

British taxes on commerce of the colonies, fail-
ure of, I, 107.

British Trade Acts, general purposes of, 1, 182;
see also Acts of Trade.

Bureau of Corporations, establishment of, 1,
321; II, 263.

"Porkopolis" of United States, 1, 214.
Civil War, changes effected by, in foreign trade,
II, 54-63; changes in coastwise trade after
the, 1, 348; changes produced by, 1, 254;
coastwise trade and the, 1, 347; conditions
antecedent to, 1, 253; effects of, upon im-
port trade, 11, 58; epochal in history of
foreign commerce, 11, 63; foreign trade
from the Treaty of Ghent to, II, 31-53;
recorded exports and imports during the,
11, 55.

Clam fishery, 11, 178, 192.

Burke, Edmund, statement of, regarding colonial Clay, Henry, and the tariff bill of 1824, 1, 219.
trade, 1, 88.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty negotiated, 1, 358; 11,
141.

Cable and wireless telegraphy, establishment Clinton, De Witt, work of, in construction of
of, II, 127.

Cabot, John, discovery by, 1, 146.
Cabot, S., discovers Newfoundland, 1, 18.
California Débris Commission, II, 328.
Canada, trade reciprocity with, 11, 340.
Canadian canals, treaties regarding, 11, 143.
Canal, interoceanic, treaties regarding, 11, 141.
Canals, building and aiding of, by the States,
1, 221; completion of many, after 1830,
I, 227.

Cape Horn, intercoastal trade via, 1, 362.
Cape merchant, functions of, 1, 22, 23.
Carolinas, early commerce of, 1, 80; retarded

development of, 1, 69; where settlement
began in the, 1, 11.

Carp, introduction of, into United States, II,
208.

Carroll, Charles, officiates at beginning of con-
struction of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad,
1, 221.

Erie Canal, 1, 216, 220.

Coal, trade in, 1860-1900, 1, 283.

Coast and Geodetic Survey, work of, 11, 257.
Coastal plain, easy cultivation of, 1, 10; main
products grown upon, 1, 11; make-up of,
I, 9.

Coastwise carriers, proposed Federal regula-
tion of, 1, 356.

Coastwise fleet, increase of, 1830-1850, 1, 342.
Coastwise lines, after 1860, 1, 350; competition

of railroads with, 1850-1860, 1, 345; owner-
ship of, by railroad corporations, 1, 356.
Coastwise trade, after the Revolution, 1, 172;

at leading seaports, 1, 339; before 1789,
1, 162-174; beginning of the, 1, 162; be-
tween northern and southern colonies, I,
169; bibliography on, see Internal Com-
merce; British Navigation Acts and the,
1, 165; development of, to 1830, 1, 332,
1880-1900, 1, 351; favorable conditions

Coastwise trade—continued.

for, in northern colonies, 1, 164; foreign
vessels excluded from, 1, 336; 1830-1850,
1, 341, 1850-1860, 1, 345; growth of,
1900-1912, 1, 353; importance attached
to, by the South, 1, 347; incompleteness
of statistics of, 1, 352; increase in, 1850-
1860, 1, 346; law of 1906 establishing five
"great districts" in, 1, 353; legislation
concerning, 1, 328; nature and volume of,
in 1830, 1, 338; of Atlantic and Gulf coasts
since 1860, 1, 348-356; of Atlantic coast,
1789-1860, 1, 327-347; of Pacific coast
and the intercoastal trade, 1, 357-363;
ratio of, to foreign commerce in 1789, 11,
8; recent expansion of, 11, 304.
Coastwise vessels, Government aid to, II, 303.
Cod, most important fish of commerce, 1, 150;
three grades of, 1, 151.

Cod and mackerel fisheries, vessels engaged in,
1870-1910, 11, 174.

Cod fishery, after 1789, 11, 161; bounties in aid
of, II, 162; importance of, 1789-1860, 11,
165; increase in fleet, II, 163; leading
States engaged in, 11, 165; of Alaska, 11, 221;
provisions of act of 1819 regarding the, II,
163; revival of, 1786-1790, 1, 160; statis-
tics of, 1853, 11, 166; 1860-1910, I, 173.
Coin, insufficient supply of, 1, 109; scarcity of,
1, 82; standard, at close of seventeenth
century, 1, 82.

Commerce-continued.

of the Constitution, II, 242; colonial laws
regarding, 1, 56; development of, resultant
of many forces, 1, 3; effect of wars upon,
1, 84; Federal regulation of, before 1789,
II, 241; geographic factors affecting the
early development of American, 1, 3;
growth of, after establishment of National
Government, I, 184; influence of consular
service upon, II, 267-294; in seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, organization of
American, 1, 175-189; legislative power of
colonies over, 1, 54; machinery of Federal
regulation of, II, 241-266; necessity of
revenue from, 1, 144; of colonies during
Revolution and Confederation, I, 122, 131;
of colonies from Peace of Paris to Decla-
ration of Independence, 1, 105; public
regulation of, since 1900, 1, 321; restriction
of, during colonial period, 1, 15; value and
growth of, prior to Revolution, 1, 88;
western, the beginnings of, 1, 14; see also
American Commerce, British Commercial
Policy, Colonial Trade, Colonies, Foreign
Trade, Internal Commerce and Trade.
Commerce and Labor, Department of, organi-
zation of, 11, 242.

Commerce Court, created and abolished, 1, 320;
11, 265.

Commerce, Department of, commercial activi-
ties of, 11, 255.

Colonial manufactures, British regulation of, Commercial changes of the opening years of the
I, 44.

Colonial trade, and trade to 1789, bibliography

on, II, 353, 369; effects of British legisla-
tion upon, 1, 182; see also Trade.
Colonies, commerce of, during eighteenth
century to outbreak of Revolution, 1, 84-
121; commercial policy of, 1, 54–65; eco-
nomic and political status of, 1660-1700, 1,
67; illegal trade of, during Seven Years'
War, 1, 96; important land influences upon
life and growth of, 1, 7; leading industries
of, 1660-1700, 1, 69; maritime trade of,
as a whole, 1660-1700, 1, 73; statistics of
trade between Great Britain and, 1697-
1776, 1, 120; trade of, with sections of
world outside of Great Britain, 1, 90; trade
of, with the French at Monte Cristi, I,
98; value and distribution of trade of, in
1769, 1, 92; widening of breach between,
and mother country, 1, 157; see also par-
ticular colonies.

Colonists, landing of, on James River, 1, 22.
Colony, location of first permanent, in America,
1, 10.

Commander Islands, discovery of, and seal

rookeries on, 11, 216.

Commerce, authority exercised by Parliament

twentieth century, 1, 312-323.
Commercial conditions of colonies at close of
seventeenth century, 1, 81.

Commercial legislation during the Revolution,
1, 133; in the colonies, summary of, 1, 64;
of the Confederation, 1, 142.
Commercial outlook in the colonies in 1790,
II, 12.

Commercial policy, of England toward the
American colonies, 1, 35-53; of the colonies,
1, 54-65.
Commercial treaties and agreements, special,
11, 140.

Commercial treaties of the United States, II,
135-153.

Common carrier on the sea, appearance of the,
1, 186, 189; 11, 118.
Company of Feltmakers of England, petition
of, to Parliament, 1, 45.
Confederation, commercial legislation of the,
1, 142.

Congress, committees of, concerned with com-
merce, 11, 266.

Conservation movement, the, 1, 323.
Constitution, adoption of, aids trade and navi-

gation, II, 17; provisions of, regarding
commerce, 1, 173.

over, 1. 55; beginnings of, 1, 17-34; clause | Consul, the first United States, 11, 269.

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