Commerce of the

United States

BY

EMORY R. JOHNSON,

T. W. VAN METRE, G. G. HUEBNER, AND D. S. HANCHETT

225554

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, PUBLICATION No. 215A. (IN TWO VOLUMES, VOLUME II.)

VRAMELL GROTHATZ

PRESS OF GIBSON BROTHERS, INC.,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

CONTENTS.

PART I. THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1789.

BY G. G. HUEBNER.

CHAPTER XXII.

PAGE

Survey of American Foreign Commerce at the Beginning of the National

Period. By Emory R. Johnson..

3

American industries in 1790, 3. Foreign and domestic trade in 1790, 6. The

status of the fisheries, 9. Conditions affecting American shipping, 10.

tages of American shipping in competition with British shipping, 11.

outlook in 1790, 12.

Disadvan-

Commercial

CHAPTER XXIII.

The First Quarter Century, 1790 to 1815....

Activity in the foreign trade from 1790 to 1807, 14. Reasons for growth of export

trade, 15. General growth of exports and imports, 20. Growth of Oriental trade

and extension of trade into distant countries, 25. Growth of the carrying trade, 27.

Decline of foreign trade and shipping, 1807-1815, 29.

CHAPTER XXIV.

The Foreign Trade from the Treaty of Ghent to the Civil War. . . . .

The abnormal advance from 1815 to 1818, 31. Causes for the enlarged exports, 33.

Reasons for the increase in imports, 35. Twelve years of trade recession, 1819-

1830, 37. Causes of the stagnation in the export trade, 1819-1830, 38. Six years

of improvement, 1831-1836, 41. Localities affected by growth in foreign trade, 43.

A decade of irregular foreign trade, 1837-1846, 44. Fourteen years of buoyant

foreign trade, 1847–1860, 46. Value of imports and exports, 1846–1860, 48. Desti-

nation of exports, 50. Revival of the foreign carrying trade, 51. Summary and

conclusion, 51.

CHAPTER XXV.

Changes Effected by the Civil War.....

Effects of the war upon export trade, 54. Trade of the blockade-runners, 57-

Foreign trade in cotton, 58. The war and the import trade, 58. After-effects of

the Civil War upon industry, 59; commerce of the South, 60; shipping, 61, and

import duties, 62. The Civil War an epochal period in the history of the foreign

commerce, 63.

CHAPTER XXVI.

The Foreign Trade from the Civil War to the Close of the Nineteenth

Century....

Increase in import and export trade, 64. Price fluctuations, 1870-1900, 65.

Changing relations between imports and exports, 66. The leading exports of the

United States, 66. Growth in value of each, 1865-1900, 67. Domestic exports

classified according to uses, 70. The growth of foreign markets, 72. Value by

groups of the leading imports of the United States, 77. Sources of the imports

into the United States, 78. Widened basis of American foreign trade, 81. The

carrying trade, 84.

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31

54

64

CHAPTER XXVII.

The Foreign Trade in the Early Years of the Twentieth Century,

1900-1913..

Extraordinary growth in foreign trade, 86. The balance of trade in favor of

United States, 87. Changes in nature of exports, 87. Increase in exports of manu-

factures, 88. Exports of raw materials, 89. The shift from exports of agricultural

to exports of manufactured commodities, 89. Changes in the foreign markets for

exports, 90. Higher tariffs imposed by foreign countries, 91. Progress made in

exports to non-European countries, 91. Changes in the nature and source of

imports, 92. Restriction on imports of finished manufactures, 92. Relative

progress made by the ports in the export and import traffic, 94. Development of

foreign markets for American manufactures, 95. Obstacles encountered and

progress made in the competition with foreign manufacturers, 96.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

The Trade with Non-Contiguous Possessions...

Commercial importance of outlying possessions of the United States, 98. The

trade with Alaska, 99. The trade with the Hawaiian Islands, 101. The sugar

industry of Hawaii, 103. The trade with Porto Rico, 104. Trade of the Philippine

Islands under Spanish dominion, 107. The trade of the Philippines since American

acquisition, 109. Advance in Philippine trade with the United States, III. Com-

mercial value of non-contiguous possessions summarized, 112. Statistics of trade

between the United States and its non-contiguous territories, 1899, 1900, 1905, 1910,

1913, 114.

CHAPTER XXIX.

The Organization of the Foreign Trade...

Trading companies prior to 1664, 117. The merchant carrier, 117. The common

carrier on the ocean, 118. Charter and line services, 119. Steamship lines:

organization, consolidations, conferences, 121. International express service, 124.

International mail services and payments, 126. Cable and wireless telegraphy, 127.

International trade organization, 128. Financing international trade, 130. Marine

insurance, 132. Export trade developed by "trusts," 134.

CHAPTER XXX.

Commercial Treaties of the United States...

General commercial and navigation treaties, 135. Most-favored-nation clause, 137.

The treatment of shipping, 138. Special commercial treaties and agreements, 140.

Treaties concerning river and lake navigation, 141. Treaties regarding interoceanic

canals, 141. Concerning Canadian canals, 143. Special trade reciprocity treaties,

144. Commercial treaties with China, 145. Commercial treaties with Japan, 149.

International conventions, agreements, unions, and other acts, 152.

PART II.-The Fisheries.

BY T. W. VAN METRE.

CHAPTER XXXI.

The Fisheries of New England, 1789-1860......

Prosperous condition of fisheries, 1789-1860, 157. The whale fishery, 158. Whal-

ing expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, 159. Whale products in the foreign trade, 159.

The whaling industry at Sag Harbor, Nantucket, and New Bedford, 160. Decline

of the whaling industry, 161. The cod fishery, 161. Bounties in aid of the cod

fishery, 162. Provisions of act of 1819, 161. Increase in tonnage of cod fishing

fleet, 163. Fishing rights opposed by the British Government in 1815, 164. The

beginning of the "fishery question" in 1818, 165. Exports of cod, 1830 to 1860, 165.

The mackerel fishery, 166. Herring, halibut, menhaden, oyster, and lobster

fisheries, 167.

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