ing or fishing. Having been appointed superior of the missions on the Orinoco in 1728, he sailed up this river and visited all the settlements, Indian as well as Spanish, that were situated in this province. He was appointed rector of the College of Carthagena in 1734, and of that in Madrid in 1738. He published "El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido: historia natural, civil y geografica de las naciones situadas en las riberas de esto gran rio (enlarged ed., 2 vols., with plates, Madrid, 1745). The history of the Orinoco has been often reprinted. The best edition is probably the one published at Barcelona (2 vols., 1791). It was translated into French by Eidous (3 vols., Paris, 1758). Unlike that of most Spanish writers, Gumilla's style is remarkable for its simplicity. The Abbé Raynal, in his "Histoire du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indies" has borrowed some of his most effective passages from the work of Gumilla. GUMMERE, John, educator. b. in Willow Grove, Pa., in 1784; d. in Burlington, N. J., 31 May, 1845. For more than forty years he was a successful teacher in the towns of Burlington, N. J., Horsham, Pa., Rancocus, N. J., and Westtown, Pa., and conducted with his son, Samuel J., a boarding-school in Burlington. In 1833-43 he was professor of mathematics, and part of the time principal, of the Friends' college at Haverford. He then returned to the Burlington academy, where he remained until his death. He became a member of the American philosophical society in 1814, and in 1825 was given the degree of M. A. by Princeton. A memorial of his life was printed for private circulation by W. J. Allinson (Burlington, N. J., 1845). He published "A Treatise on Surveying" (New York, 1814), and "An Elementary Treatise on Theoretical and Practical Astronomy (1822). His brother, Samuel R., educator, b. in Horsham, Pa., 3 March, 1789; d. in Burlington, N. J., 13 Sept., 1866, was the principal of a boarding-school for girls at Burlington from 1821 till 1837, and was known as a successful teacher. In 1840-50 he was clerk of the chancery court of New Jersey. He published "Treatise on Geography" (Philadelphia, 1817); " A Revision of the Progressive Spelling-Book" (1831); and a "Compendium of Elocution" (1857). GUNDLACH, Juan, Cuban naturalist, b. in Marburg, Hesse-Cassel, in 1810. His father was professor of physics and mathematics of the university of his native city. Young Gundlach was graduated there as doctor of philosophy in 1837 and in 1839 went to Cuba, where he began to make collections in natural history. He has continued this work to the present time (1887), with the exception of a few years before 1875, when the insurrection in the island compelled him to reside in Porto Rico. In 1867 he arranged the Cuban collections at the Paris exposition, receiving a silver medal for his services. His name is associated with over sixty species, including one of land mollusks called " Gundlachia Hjalmarsoni," and two called Unio Gundlachi." At his death his large and valuable collections will become the property of the island of Cuba. Gundlach is a member of scientific societies in all parts of the world, and has published numerous papers on natural history, which have been reprinted in the annals of the "Academia de Ciencias de la Habana." GUNN, Donald, Canadian jurist, b. in Falkirk, Caithness-shire, Scotland, in September, 1797; d. in St. Andrew's, Manitoba, 30 Nov., 1878. In 1813 he went to the northwest, and entered the service of the Hudson bay company, in which he remained ten years. In 1823 he settled at Red river, and | was for about twenty years one of the judges of the court of session, being president of the court for a part of that time. When the legislative council was instituted in Manitoba he became a member, and retained his seat until that body was abolished in 1876. He was thoroughly versed in the natural history of the northwest, and contributed many papers on this subject to the "Miscellaneous Collections of the Smithsonian Institution," and other publications. He was a member of the board of management of Manitoba college. GUNN, James, senator, b. in Virginia in 1739; d. in Louisville, Ky., 30 July, 1801. He received a common-school education, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and removed to Savannah, Ga., where he practised his profession. He was elected as U. S. senator to the 1st congress, and was re-elected in 1789. Mr. Gunn was one of the members of congress who voted for establishing the seat of government at Washington. GUNNISON, John W., engineer, b. in New Hampshire in 1812; d. near Sevier Lake, Utah, 26 Oct., 1853. He was graduated at the Ú. S. military academy, became 2d lieutenant of topographical engineers, 7 July, 1838; 1st lieutenant, 9 May, 1846; and captain, 3 March, 1853. He served in the Florida war of 1837-'9, was engaged for nearly ten years in the survey of the northwestern lakes and in the improvement of the harbors, and in 1849-51 was associated with Capt. Howard Stansbury in making maps of the Great Salt Lake region, drawing up an able report on his work. In 1853 he had charge of the expeditions and survey of a central route for a railway from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. While thus engaged he was murdered, with seven of his exploring-party, by a band of Mormons and Parvante Indians, his body being pierced by seventeen arrows and otherwise mutilated. He is the author of a "History of the Mormons of Utah: Their Domestic Polity and Theology" (Philadelphia, 1852). GURLEY, Phineas Densmore, clergyman, b. in Hamilton, Madison co., N. Y., 12 Nov., 1816; d. in Washington, D. C., 30 Sept., 1868. He was graduated at Union in 1837, with the highest honors of his class, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1840. After holding pastorates in Indianapolis, Ind., and Dayton, Ohio, he accepted in 1854 a call from the F street church in Washington, D. C., which in 1859 was united with the 2d Presbyterian church of the same city, and continued to be the pastor of both congregations until his death. In 1859 he was chosen chaplain of the U. S. senate. Dr. Gurley numbered among his regular hearers several presidents of the United States, among them Mr. Lincoln, at whose death-bed he was present, and whose funeral sermon he delivered. He took an active part in the negotiations that resulted in the union of the old-school and new-school branches of the Presbyterian church. GURLEY, Ralph Randolph, clergyman, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 26 May, 1797; d. in Washington, D. C., 30 July, 1872. He was graduated at Yale in 1818, removed to Washington, D. C., and was licensed to preach as a Presbyterian, but was never ordained. From 1822 till 1872 he acted as the agent and secretary of the American colonization society, visited Africa three times in its interests, and was one of the founders of Liberia. He also went to England to solicit aid in the work of colonization. During the first ten years of his agency the annual income of the society increased from $778 to $40,000. He delivered addresses in its behalf in all parts of the country, edited "The African Repository," and, besides many reports, wrote the "Life of Jehudi Ashmun" (New York, 1839); "Mission to England for the American Colonization Society" (1841); and Life and Eloquence of Rev. Sylvester Larned" (New York, 1844). GURNEY, Francis, soldier, b. in Bucks county, Pa., in 1738; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 May, 1815. He volunteered in the provincial army in 1756, served under Gen. Israel Putnam, and came to be regarded by that officer in the light of an adopted son. Gurney was present at the capture of Louisbourg, Cape Breton, 25 July, 1758, and at the close of the war joined the expedition against the French West India islands, and assisted in the taking of Guadeloupe, 27 April, 1759. On his return he engaged in commerce in Philadelphia, and at the beginning of the Revolutionary war assisted in the organization and drilling of troops. Although at first he refused to accept a commission, Mr. Gurney was made captain in a regiment of infantry raised by authority of the province. The following year he entered the regular army, was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and was present at the battles of Iron Hill, Brandywine, and Germantown, in the first of which he was wounded. After the war he returned to mercantile pursuits in Philadelphia, where he resided until his death. He was for several years warden of the port, during which period he originated and carried out an important improvement in the buoys and beacons in Delaware bay. He was repeatedly elected to the lower branch of the legislature, and subsequently sent to the senate. He was also a trustee of Dickinson college, county commissioner, and director of various institutions. In the whiskey rebellion of 1794, Col. Gurney commanded the 1st regiment of the Philadelphia brigade, which was composed of young men of good family and education. At a critical period of the Revolutionary war, when there was great difficulty in procuring supplies for the American army, Mr. Gurney was one of several residents of Philadelphia who gave their bonds to the amount of about £260,000 for procuring them. The amount of his personal subscription was £2,000. | | and in 1874 was appointed a centennial commissioner by President Grant, and elected a vice-president of the commission. GUROWSKI, Adam, Count, author, b. in the palatinate of Kalisz, Poland, 10 Sept., 1805; d. in Washington, D. C., 4 May, 1866. He was a son of the Count Ladislas Gurowski, who was an ardent admirer of Kosciusko, and who lost the greater part of his estates through having participated in the insurrection of 1794. Having been expelled in 1818, and again in 1819, from the gymnasia of Warsaw and Kalisz for revolutionary demonstrations, young Gurowski continued his studies at various German universities. Returning to Warsaw in 1825, he became identified with those opposed to Russian influence, and was in consequence several times imprisoned. He was active in organizing the revolution of 1830, in which he afterward took part. On its suppression he escaped to France, where he lived for several years and adopted many of the views of Fourier. He was also a member of the national Polish committee in Paris, and became conspicuous in political and literary circles. His estates had meantime been confiscated and he himself condemned to death; but in 1835 he published a work entitled La vérité sur la Russie," in which he advocated a union of the different branches of the Slavic race. The book being favorably regarded by the Russian government, Gurowski was recalled, and, although his estates were not restored, he was employed in the civil service. In 1844, finding that he had many powerful enemies at court, he left secretly for Berlin and went thence to Heidelberg. Here he gave himself to study, and for two years lectured on political economy in the University of Berne, Switzerland. He then went to Italy, and in 1849 came to the United States, where he engaged in literary pursuits and became deeply interested in American politics. From 1861 till 1863 he was translator in the state department at Washington, being acquainted with eight languages. Before coming to this country he had published La civilisation et la Russie" (St. Petersburg, 1840); "Pensées sur l'avenir des Polonais" (Berlin, 1841); "Aus meinem Gedankenbuche" (Breslau, 1843); "Eine Tour durch Belgien" (Heidelberg, 1845); "Impressions et souvenirs" (Lausanne, 1846); "Die letzten Ereignisse in den drei Theilen des alten Polen" (Munich, 1846); and "Le Panslavisme" (Florence, 1848). During his residence in the United States he published "Russia as it Is" (New York, 1854); “The Turkish Question ” (1854); "A Year of the War" (1855); “ America and Europe " (1857); "Slavery in History" (1860); and " My Diary," notes on the civil war (3 vols., 1862–'6). GURNEY, William, soldier, b. in Flushing, N. Y., 21 Aug., 1821; d. in New York city, 3 Feb., 1879. At the beginning of the civil war he was engaged in business in New York city. In April, 1861, he entered the National service with the 7th regiment, of which he was a member, for the three months' term. At its conclusion he accepted a commission as captain in the 65th New York, known as the "Fighting Chasseurs," and served in that capacity through the early campaigns of the war. In 1862 he was appointed assistant inspector-general and examining officer on Gov. Morgan's staff. In July of that year he received authority GUSTAFSON, Axel Carl Johan, author, b. to raise a regiment, and in thirty days he had re- in Lund, Sweden, about 1847. His father is a cruited the 127th New York, at the head of which clergyman, and Axel was educated in his native he returned to the field, joining the 23d army town. At the age of twenty-one he came to the corps. In the following October he was assigned United States, was naturalized, and began to write to the command of the 2d brigade of Gen. Aber- for the press. Becoming interested in the tempercrombie's division. In 1864 he was ordered with ance movement, he contributed to a Boston jourhis brigade to join Gen. Gilmore's command on nal an article on the Gottenburg system of grantthe South Carolina coast, and in December, having ing licenses, which led to an investigation of the been severely wounded in the arm in an engage- different licensing systems of the world. He also ment at Devoe's Neck, was sent north for treat- became a contributor to several of the leading pement. Before he had been completely restored to riodicals. Soon after coming to this country he health he was assigned to the command of the married Mrs. Zadel Barnes Buddington, who has Charleston post, and while there was promoted brig- since greatly assisted him in his literary work. adier-general of volunteers for gallantry in action. Going to England, Mr. and Mrs. Gustafson met After he was mustered out of the service in July, Samuel Morley, the philanthropist, who induced 1865, he returned to Charleston and established the former to change his intention of writing a himself in business. In October, 1870, he became work on the abuse of tobacco, and discuss the treasurer of Charleston county, and held the office liquor question instead. "The Foundation of until 1876. He was a presidential elector in 1873, | Death" (London, 1884) was the outcome of this change of plan. This work discusses the use of liquor among the ancients, the history of the discovery of distillation, liquor adulterations, the effects of alcohol on the physical organs and functions, the social and moral results arising from the drinking habit, heredity, the use of alcohol as a medicine, and includes an inquiry into the methods of reformation. It has passed through three editions, and been translated into Swedish, German, French, Spanish, Malagasy, Burmese, and Mahratta. Mr. and Mrs. Gustafson are now (1887) preparing a series of school-books, intended to inculcate their views on the temperance question.-His wife, Zadel Barnes Buddington, author, b. in Middletown, Conn., about 1840, early began writing verses, stories, and sketches. Subsequently a paper by her in favor of the abolition of capital punishment attracted general attention. For two years she was political editor of a Massachusetts journal. Of her tribute to the poet Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier wrote: "I can only compare it with Milton's Lycidas'; it is worthy of any living poet at least." Her poem of "Little Martin Craghan," based on the true story of a boy lost in Pittston mines through an act of heroism, became very popular. Mrs. Gustafson (who by her first marriage was Mrs. Buddington) has published "Can the Old Love?" (Boston, 1871); "Meg, A Pastoral, and other Poems" (Boston, 1879); and a new edition of "Zophiël," by Maria Gowen Brooks, with a sketch of the author (Boston, 1879). GUTHEIM, James Koppel, clergyman, b. in Menne, Westphalia, 15 Nov., 1817; d. in New Orleans, La., 11 May, 1886. He came to the United States in 1843, and was called as minister of a Cincinnati synagogue in 1846. In 1850 he assumed charge of a synagogue in New Orleans; but in 1863, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Union, he left New Orleans, and preached in Montgomery, Ala., and Columbus, Ga. At the close of the civil war he returned to New Orleans and was called to the New York Temple Emanuel in 1868. In 1872 he became minister of the New Orleans Temple Sinai, where he preached until his death. He took much interest in educational and charitable work, and was at one time president of the New Orleans board of education. The state senate adjourned on the day of his funeral. GUTHERS, Karl, artist, b. in Switzerland in 1844. He was brought to the United States by his parents in 1851. His father settled in Cincinnati and was the first to introduce terra-cotta objects of art into this country. The son began his professional career by modelling clay in his father's studio. He afterward studied under a portraitpainter in Memphis, Tenn., and in 1868 went to Paris, where he studied with Cabasson and Pils, and was a pupil at the Académie des beaux arts. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war, he went to Belgium, studying in Brussels and Antwerp under Stalleart and Robert. He took up his residence in Rome in 1871, where he executed his first important work. He returned to Memphis in 1873, painting portraits and figure-pieces in oil and water-colors. In 1874 he removed to St. Louis, where he was connected with the art department of Washington university, and was instrumental in the organization of the school and museum of fine arts in the life class in which he taught from 1876 till 1883-4. In the latter year he went to Paris, where he has since remained, studying in the Julian school. To the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia he sent his "Ecce Homo" and his Awakening of Spring," receiving for the latter work a medal and diploma. GUTHRIE, James, statesman, b. in Nelson county, Ky., 5 Dec., 1792; d. in Louisville, 13 March, 1869. He was educated at Bardstown, Ky., and studied law under John Rowan. In 1820 he began practice in Louisville, and at once entered on a successful career at the bar. He was elected to the lower house of the Kentucky legislature in 1827, and was a member of the upper house from 1831 till 1840. In 1840 he was president of the convention that framed the present constitution of the state. He was secretary of the U. S. treasury, under the administration of Franklin Pierce from 1853 till 1857. In 1865 he was elected U. S. senator, but resigned in 1868 on account of declining health. He was president of the Louisville and Nashville railroad from 1860 till 1868. In GUTHRIE, John Julius, naval officer, b. in Washington, N. C., in 1814; d. at sea, near Cape Hatteras, in November, 1877. He became a midshipman in 1834, passed midshipman in 1838, and lieutenant in 1842. He served in the Mexican war and in the attack on the barrier forts in Canton river, China, in November, 1856, where he displayed gallantry. He pulled down the Chinese flag, which he presented to North Carolina as a trophy, and received the thanks of the legislature. 1861, at the beginning of the civil war, he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service. He was on active duty in New Orleans, and also commanded the "Advance," running the blockade between Wilmington and the Bermudas. At the close of the war he removed to Portsmouth, Va., and in 1865 was the first officer of the regular service who had joined the Confederates to be pardoned by the president. His disabilities were removed by a unanimous vote of congress. was appointed in 1870 superintendent of the lifesaving stations from Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras, and was drowned while endeavoring to succor the passengers and crew of the U. S. steamship "Huron" in a storm off Cape Hatteras. He GUTHRIE, Samuel, chemist, b. in Brimfield, Mass., in 1782; d. in Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1848. He studied medicine, and was among the earliest laborers in practical chemistry in the United States. He invented and first manufactured percussion pills, also inventing the punchlock for exploding them. This lock took the place of the old flint-lock in fire-arms, and was in turn superseded, after Dr. Guthrie's death, by the percussion-cap. In the course of his experiments he sustained lasting injuries and nearly lost his life from an accidental explosion. He also invented in 1830 a process for the rapid conversion of potato starch into molasses, which he published in Silliman's "American Journal of Science," to which he contributed occasional papers on scientific subjects. Dr. Guthrie was an original discoverer of chloroform, independently of the contemporaneous researches of Soubeiran, Liebig, and Dumas-made at the same time, but unknown to Guthrie. His chloroform was distributed and his process repeated and verified by the elder Silliman at Yale college in 1831, while the publication of Soubeiran and Liebig's discoveries were made in January and March, 1832, respectively. Dr. Guthrie's process was by distilling together alcohol and bleaching-powder and afterward purifying the distillate, thus obtaining pure chloroform. The exact composition of this substance, termed by Guthrie a "spirituous solution of chloric ether," remained unknown till 1834, when Dumas published the results of his investigation, and named it chloroform. A committee of the Medico-chirurgical society of Edinburgh awarded to Dr. Guthrie the merit of having first published an account of | its therapeutic effects as a diffusible stimulant in 1832.-His son, Alfred, mechanical engineer, b. in Sherburne, N. Y., 1 April, 1805; d. in Chicago, Ill., 17 Aug., 1882, removed with his parents to Sackett's Harbor in 1817, where he studied medicine and chemistry with his father, being his assistant at the time of his discovery of chloroform. For ten years he practised medicine, but an aversion to that profession led to his engaging in other Occupations. In 1846 he settled in Chicago, where he advanced the idea of supplying the summit level of the Illinois and Michigan canal with water by raising it from Lake Michigan with steam power. The hydraulic works of this canal in Chicago were designed by him and constructed under his supervision, and when completed they were capable of handling a larger volume of water than any other similar works then in existence. In consequence of having a capacity greater than was required by the canal, they were operated for several years in lifting the sewage of Chicago to the canal, which then passed on to its ultimate dissipation in the Gulf of Mexico. Dr. Guthrie's great work was his conception of the U. S. steamboat inspection laws. The terrible steamboat disasters of 1851 led him, at his own expense, to visit the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, where he studied the defective building and the reckless management that resulted in serious loss of life and property. He made numerous drawings with explanations, which were presented to congress, and finally drafted the bill that was enacted in 1852. It is estimated that prior to 1849, 45 per cent. of these river steamboats were lost by disaster, while in 1882, on 5,117 vessels, the loss of life was only one to each 1,726,827 persons.-Another son, Edwin, physician, b. in Sherburne, N. Y., 11 Dec., 1806; d. at the Castle of Perote, Mexico, 20 July, 1847, studied medicine with his father, but subsequently abandoned that profession and settled in Iowa, where he held public office. Soon after the beginning of the war with Mexico, he raised a company of Iowa volunteers, of which he became captain, and went to the seat of war. He was wounded in the knee during the engagement at Pass La Hoya, and, after suffering two amputations, died. Guthrie county, Iowa, is named in his honor. 6 Feb., 1872. He began his military career in 1840. In 1851 he fought against the Conservatives, and became an active member of the Liberal party. In 1854 he overthrew the dictatorship of Melo by gaining the battles of Pamplona, Tierra-Azul, and Bogotá. From 1859 till 1863 he was the recognized leader of the Liberals, and gained the battles of La Concepcion, Hormezaque, Tunja, Usaquen, Bogotá, and Santa Barbara. In 1839 he was admitted to the bar. From 1840 he occupied many offices, serving the state as judge, representative, senator, governor of Boyacá, secretary of state, and commander-in-chief of the army. He was president of the republic from 1868 till 1870, and then retired to private life, although his successor offered him the place of minister to Europe. GUTIERREZ DE ESTRADA, José María, Mexican statesman, b. in Campeche in 1800; d. in the city of Mexico in 1867. He inherited a fortune, held office under Iturbide, and was for a short time secretary of foreign relations. Disheartened by the rapid changes of government, he resolved in 1835 to abandon his country, settled first in Paris, afterward lived at several courts, and sent to the National congress a proposal for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico, which was read in the session of 20 Aug., 1840. Through his second wife, the Countess von Lützow, daughter of the Austrian minister in Rome, he gained access to the Austrian court, and in 1864 the Mexican commission arrived in Miramare to offer the imperial crown to Maximilian. In the suite of that prince he returned to his native land, but died soon afterward. GUTIERREZ DE LARA, Bernardo, Mexican patriot, b. in Guanajuato in 1778; d. in San Antonio Bejar, 15 March, 1814. When Hidalgo and Allende, after the defeat of Calderon in 1811, were on their way to the United States to reorganize their forces, Gutierrez met them, early in March, to offer his services. He was appointed colonel, and sent as commissioner to Washington, where he arrived in August. His mission was not recognized, and he came to New Orleans, where he organized a force of 450 men. He marched to Texas in February, 1812, captured the town of Nacogdoches and the presidio of Trinidad, and a few days afterward the bay of Espiritu Santo, where he found important stores of ammunition and provisions. The Spanish governor of New Leon and Texas besieged Gutierrez in Trinidad, but after four months the latter made a sally and broke through the enemy's lines. In August of the same year he defeated the royalists at Rosillo, capturing all their artillery, and shortly afterward gained other victories, making him the master of New Leon and Texas. But Alvarez de Toledo, who had been appointed commissioner to Washington, entered there into secret transactions with the Spanish minister, and also instigated Gutierrez's forces to demand the execution of the governor of Leon and Texas. When their commander, in a moment of weakness, submitted, Alvarez appeared in his camp with accusations, and brought about a mutiny which deposed Gutierrez and appointed Alvarez general-in-chief. Gutierrez was patriot enough not to abandon the army in the hour of need, as Arredondo was approaching with an over GUTIERREZ, José Nicolás (goo-te-er'-reth), Cuban physician, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1800. He was graduated in medicine in his native city in 1826, soon attained eminence in his profession, and filled the chairs of anatomy, pathology, and clinics in the University of Havana. He founded in 1840 the "Repertorio Médico Habanero," the first medical review published in Cuba, now called "Crónica Médico-Quirurgica de la Habana." Since 1853 it has borne on its title-page his likeness with the inscription, "Founder of the medical press in Cuba." With Dr. Zambrana he founded, în 1861, the Academy of sciences of Havana, and in 1874 a museum of natural history, annexed to the academy. Dr. Gutierrez is a correspondent and member of the Phrenological society of Paris, of the medical academies of Madrid, Cadiz, and New Orleans, of the Lyceum of Rome, and other scientific societies. He is now (1887) engaged in a project to erect a suitable building for the Academy of sci-whelming force to crush the patriots. The revoluences. His published works include "Importancia de la Química en la Medicina " (1821); "Catecismo de Medicina physiologica" (1826); and “Lecciones de Anatomía" (1854). GUTIERREZ, Sántos, South American soldier, b. in Cocui, Colombia, 24 Oct., 1820; d. in Bogotá, tionary army, disconcerted by the change of leaders, was defeated, and Gutierrez died in the battle. GUY, Peter, Canadian publicist, b. in VilleMarie, Canada, 11 Dec., 1738; d. in Montreal in January, 1812. He lost his father at the age of eleven, and was educated in the College of Quebec and in France. On his return to Canada in 1758 he commanded a troop at the battle of Carillon, and in 1759 at that of Montmorency, distinguishing himself in both engagements. After the capitulation of Montreal in 1760 he went to France, but returned to Canada in 1764. He took an active part in the defence of Montreal against Gen. Richard Montgomery, and signed the capitulation of that city. While remaining faithful to Great Britain, he became dissatisfied with her treatment of Canada, and in 1784 was elected president of the committee that was organized in Montreal to draw up and present to the government a list of grievances. He was active in the agitation for an elective chamber, and continued it until the constitution of 1791 was granted. He also labored for higher education, and succeeded in having the College of Saint Raphael established at Montreal. He also endeavored to prevent the alienation of the property of the Jesuits, but without effect. He had been previously made a judge, and held this office till his death.-His son, Louis, b. in Montreal, 28 June, 1768; d. there in February, 1840, studied law, and received his commission as notary in 1801. He served in the war of 1812, and rose to the grade of major of the 5th battalion of Canadian militia. On the conclusion of the war he was appointed colonel and requested by the governor, Sir James Kempt, to adopt measures for reorganizing the militia of Montreal. To this task he devoted himself so energetically up to 1830 that his health was seriously impaired. In 1831, he was named a member of the council by William IV. This nomination was received with great favor by the French Canadians, who considered Mr. Guy as their representative. He was elected to nearly every public office within their gift. GUY, Seymour Joseph, artist, b. in Greenwich, England, 16 Jan., 1824. He studied under Ambrosini Jerome in London, and came to New York in 1854, where he still (1887) resides. He began to paint portraits, and met with success, but afterward turned his attention to genre pictures. He was elected associate of the National academy in 1861, academician in 1865, and was one of the original members of the American society of painters in water-colors in 1866. His subjects are chiefly scenes and incidents drawn from child-life. He exhibited at the academy "The Good Sister" (1868); "After the Shower," "More Free than Welcome," and a portrait of Charles L. Elliott (1869); "The Little Stranger" and "Playing on the Jew's Harp" (1870); "The Street Fire" (1871); "Fixing for School" (1874); "The Little OrangeGirl" (1875); "Cash on Hand" (1877); and "See Saw, Margery Daw" (1884). GUY, William, clergyman, b. in England in 1689; d. near Charleston, S. C., in 1751. He was appointed in 1712, by the Society for the propagation of the gospel, assistant minister in St. Philip's church, Charleston, and the same year was elected minister of St. Helena parish, Port Royal island. Having received only deacon's orders, he went, in 1713, to England, where he was advanced to the priesthood, and was sent back by the society as missionary in the same parish. His field of labor was very large, and included the lands occupied by the Yamassee Indians. Mr. Guy was unwearied in the discharge of his duties, but when the Yamassee war began, in 1715, he narrowly escaped with his life by taking refuge on board an English ship that was lying in the river, bound to Charleston. He was next sent as missionary to Narragansett, R. I., where his labors were very effective. After the lapse of two years-from 1717 till 1719-find VOL. III.-2 ing that his health was seriously affected by a northern climate, he was transferred, at his own request, to South Carolina. He became rector of St. Andrew's church, about thirteen miles from Charleston, and continued there until his death. Mr. Guy was highly esteemed by the society under whose auspices he labored, as was shown by their appointing him in 1725 their attorney in the province, to receive and recover all bequests and donations made to them, and to give acquittances. A. Greyok. GUYOT, Arnold, geographer, b. in Boudevilliers, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 28 Sept., 1807; d. in Princeton, N. J., 8 Feb., 1884. He was educated at Chaux-de-Fonds, and then at the college of Neuchâtel, where he was the classmate of Leo Lesquereux. In 1825 he went to Germany, and resided in Carlsruhe with the parents of Alexander Braun, the botanist, where he met Louis Agassiz. From Carlsruhe he went to Stuttgart, and there studied at the gymnasium, returning to Neuchâtel in 1827. He then determined to become a minister, and in 1829 started for Berlin to attend lectures in the university. While pursuing his studies he also attended lectures on philosophy and natural science. His leisure was spent in collecting the shells and plants of the country, and he was introduced by Humboldt to the Berlin botanical garden, where opportunities for examining the flora of the tropics was afforded him. In 1835 he received the degree of Ph. D. from the University of Berlin, and published a thesis on "The Natural Classification of Lakes." He was then a private tutor in Paris for four years, and in the summer of 1838, at Agassiz's request, visited the Swiss glaciers, and communicated the results of his six weeks' investigation to the Geological society of France. The laminated structure of ice in the glaciers was originally pointed out by him in this paper, and his discovery was subsequently confirmed by Agassiz, Forbes, and others. In 1839 he returned to Neuchâtel, and became the colleague of Agassiz, as professor of history and physical geography in the college there. The academy in Neuchâtel was suspended by the grand revolutionary council of Geneva in 1848, and, being urged by Agassiz, Guyot came to this country in that year, and settled in Cambridge, where he was soon afterward invited to deliver a course of lectures at the Lowell institute. These, translated by Prof. Cornelius C. Felton, were published under the title of "Earth and Man" (Boston, 1853), and gained for him a wide reputation. The Massachusetts board of education retained his services as lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers' institutes. He was occupied with this work until his appointment, in 1854, to the chair of physical geography and geology at Princeton, which he retained until his death, being for some time senior professor. He was also for several years lecturer on physical geography in the State normal school in Trenton, N. J., and from 1861 till 1866 lecturer in the Prince |