there till 9 Sept., 1841. Mr. Hughes was recommissioned in 1842, and returned to the United States in 1845. He was the bearer to this country in 1815 of the treaty of peace, signed at Ghent, between the American and English commissioners. Mr. Hughes was a brother-in-law of Col. George Armistead, and an intimate friend of John Q. Adams and Henry Clay. He was a welcome guest in the best society of his native city, and well known for his wit and humor.

HUGHES, Francis Wade, lawyer, b. in Montgomery county, Pa., 20 Aug., 1817; d. in Pottsville, Pa., 25 Oct., 1885. He was educated at Milton academy, Pennsylvania, studied at the law-school in Carlisle, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and began practice in Pottsville. He was appointed deputy attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 1839, resigned the office there several times, but was reappointed and held it for eleven years. In 1843 he was elected to the state senate as a Democrat by the largest majority ever given in the county of Schuylkill; but he resigned this office in the following year and returned to his practice. In 1851 he was appointed secretary of state, and in 1853 attorney-general of the state, which office he filled until 1855. He was a Democratic presidential elector in 1856, and was a delegate to many state and national conventions, over some of which he presided. In February, 1861, he was a member of the state convention at Harrisburg, known as the Peace convention, and was a member of the committee on resolutions. When the war began, his support of the Union was prompt, energetic, and valuable. He aided in fitting out one of the first five companies that reached Washington, and maintained with voice and pen the legal right of the government to put down rebellion by force of arms. He originated and aided in many extensive enterprises, among which were the opening and working of coal and iron mines, and the establishment of iron-works and other factories.

HUGHES, George Wurtz, engineer, b. in Elmira, N. Y., 30 Sept., 1806; d. in West River, Anne Arundel co., Md., 3 Sept., 1870. He was educated at the U. S. military academy, but was not commissioned. He was employed under the canal commissioners of the state of New York in 1829, and in 1838 was appointed to the army as a captain of topographical engineers. In 1840 he was sent by the war department to Europe to examine and report on public works, mines, and other subjects. He was chief engineer on Gen. Wool's staff in Mexico in 1846, and on that of Gen. Worth in 1847, commanded a regiment of Maryland volunteers, and was civil and military governor of the Department of Jalapa and Perote, Mexico, from December, 1847, till the evacuation of Mexico in 1848. He was brevetted major, 18 April, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro Gordo, and lieutenant-colonel, 30 May, 1848. Col. Hughes was chief engineer of the Panama railroad, serving at first with permission of the government, in 1849-50, and in 1853 was sent by the Crystal palace association as its representative to most of the European governments. He resigned his commission in the army on 4 Aug., 1851. He was president of the Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad in 1854-5, was quartermaster-general of Maryland in 1855, and brigadier-general of militia in 1856. He was elected to congress from Maryland as a Democrat, and served from 5 Dec., 1859, till 3 March, 1861. From that date until his death he was a consulting engineer and planter at West River.

HUGHES, James Laughlin, Canadian educator, b. near Bowmanville, Ontario, 20 Feb., 1846.

He was educated in the public schools, and in the normal school, Toronto, and spent the following four years on his father's farm. At eighteen he began teaching, in 1871 was appointed head master of the provincial model school at Toronto, and in May, 1874, became inspector of schools, Toronto. He was a member of the central committee of examiners from 1877 till 1882, and was appointed by the Ontario government a special commissioner to investigate the frauds in teachers' examinations in 1877. He was sent by the Ontario government to St. Louis in 1883, to report on the kindergarten system in that city, and mainly through his instrumentality it was introduced into the province, as was also the phonic method of teaching reading, and systematic hand-training as a means of intellectual development. He is the author of "A Humorous Reciter" (Toronto, 1874); "A Prohibition Reciter" (1874); "Mistakes in Teaching (twice republished in the United States, 1877); "How to secure and retain Attention (1878); "Topical History of Canada" (New York, 1881); "Topical History of England" (1882); "The Practical Speller" (1883); edited "Gage's Canadian Readers" (Toronto, 1884); and has written often for educational publications.

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HUGHES, John, archbishop, b. in Annalogham, County Tyrone, Ireland, 24 June, 1797; d. in New York city, 3 Jan., 1864. He was the son of a small farmer, and his early education was meagre, most of his time being given to work in the fields and in the gardens of one of the neighboring gentry. In 1816 his father emigrated to the United States, settling at Chambersburg, Pa. John followed him the next year, and found work at first with a gardener near Baltimore. Afterward he was a daylaborer at Chambersburg and elsewhere. He had determined, however, even before he left Ireland, to be a priest, and finally entered Mount St. Mary's college, near Emmettsburg, Md., where he was to pay for his board and private tuition by taking care of the garden. He was now twentytwo years old, and his schooling was far in arrears; but in a few months he was qualified for admission to the college on the footing of a pupil teacher. He was ordained priest in 1826, and began his ministry in Philadelphia, where, after serving successively at St. Augustine's and St. Joseph's, he built in 1831-2 the church of St. John, which became under his pastorship the principal Roman Catholic place of worship in the city. He had been scarcely three years a priest when he was strongly recommended for the coadjutor-bishopric of Philadelphia. The Roman Catholic body in the United States at this time was nowhere strong. The churches and priests were few, the dioceses were far too large for episcopal supervision, the institutions of learning were insignificant, the people were nearly all poor. Polemical warfare was general and extremely acrimonious, and the secuIar press devoted an undue attention to the con

+10hn Alf of NY.

troversies of the churches. The Roman Catholic clergy embraced many men of character and distinction, but, with the exception of Bishop England, of Charleston, none of them had any special talent or taste for polemics. Father Hughes possessed the gift for which there seemed to be just then the most pressing demand. He had native pugnacity, great courage, adroitness in debate, and the art of forcible statement. He had partly repaired the defects of his early training by hard reading; and, although he never became a scholar, he had a wide acquaintance with those branches of theology and history that were most likely to be of service in popular discussions. He dashed into the conflict with an energy that attracted notice far and near, measuring his skill with many eminent Protestant divines, and rarely permitting a serious attack upon his church to pass unnoticed. His most celebrated controversy was with the Rev. John Breckinridge, of the Presbyterian church, with whom he exchanged a series of public letters in 1833, printing them afterward in book-form under the title "Controversy between Rev. Messrs. Hughes and Breckinridge on the Subject, Is the Protestant Religion the Religion of Christ?'" (Philadelphia, 1833). An oral debate between the same adversaries took place before a Philadelphia literary society in 1835, and an imperfect record of it, prepared by the two disputants jointly, was afterward published (1836). This debate abounded in offensive personalities, and was never regarded with much complacency by either side. In January, 1838, Mr. Hughes was consecrated coadjutor to Bishop Dubois, of New York. He took the full administration of the diocese the next year, and succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Dr. Dubois in 1842. The territory over which he was called to rule embraced the whole state of New York and a large part of New Jersey. It contained 200,000 Roman Catholics, for whom there were about twenty churches, eight of them being in the city of New York. There were no colleges or seminaries, and very few schools. The churches were heavily in debt, and the trustees of the cathedral, taking up the cause of a suspended priest, were at war with the bishop, whose salary they threatened to stop unless he satisfied their demands. The young coadjutor was required to organize the diocese almost from the foundation. He obtained priests and teachers from Europe, founded St. John's college at Fordham, and, after a short and sharp contest with the malcontents at the cathedral, he permanently broke up the abuses of the trustee system, and established the absolute right of the bishop to appoint and remove pastors and otherwise administer spiritual concerns. In this case he won his victory by appealing to the congregation, who enthusiastically sustained him against the trustees; and thus at the beginning of his episcopate he demonstrated the rare gift as a popular leader which distinguished his later career. His influence over the Roman Catholic body was signally illustrated in the course of an exciting agitation of the publicschool question in 1840-2. The distribution of the school money in the city of New York at that time was made at the discretion of a corporation known as the Public-school society. While the bishop was in Europe an effort was made to obtain a part of the appropriation for certain Roman Catholic schools, and a discussion began, which was marked on both sides by great acrimony. Dr. Hughes, on his return, immediately placed himself at the head of the movement, took decisive measures to separate it from political interests, and,

after addressing a series of mass-meetings, drew up a petition to the board of aldermen, containing a statement of the Roman Catholic case and a request for the admission of eight Roman Catholic schools to a participation in the common-school fund. The question was publicly debated before the board during two days, by the bishop on one side, and counsel for the Public-school society and five Protestant divines on the other. The petition was rejected, and the bishop then appealed to the legislature. There a measure was introduced, on the recommendation of the secretary of state, extending to the city of New York the general school system of the state, and transferring to elected commissioners the powers of the Publicschool society. It granted nothing that the Roman Catholics asked; but the bishop supported it as an improvement upon the existing condition of things, and the Roman Catholic masses implicitly followed his advice. The school question became an issue in the election of 1841. Finding that most of the candidates of both parties were pledged against any change, Bishop Hughes caused the Roman Catholics to nominate an independent ticket, and at the municipal election in the following spring this was repeated. The result was the passage of a bill that became practically the basis of the present common-school system, the bishop, Gov. Seward, Thurlow Weed, and Horace Greeley being previously consulted as to its provisions, one of which was that no money should be given to denominational schools. Thus the chief purpose of the two years' agitation was defeated with the assent of the bishop himself. The principal result to Dr. Hughes was a great increase of his power over his own people, and of his reputation among Protestants, a life-long friendship with Gov. Seward, and several newspaper wars, the most furious of which was with the New York Herald." At the time of the "native American riots in Philadelphia in 1844, when there was imminent danger of a repetition of the outrages in New York, he was strong enough to keep the Irish population quiet under great provocation, but he publicly declared that the Roman Catholics would fight if they were attacked, and caused a large body of armed volunteers to occupy the churches. During the Mexican war President Polk asked him to accept an unofficial mission to Mexico, where it was believed that his influence with the clergy might promote the conclusion of peace, but he declined this proposal. A few years later, in 1852, the U. S. government made an informal request at Rome for his elevation to the rank of cardinal, and in 1861 a direct and official application of the same nature was made by the administration of President Lincoln. He was created archbishop in 1850, with suffragans at Boston, Hartford, Albany, and Buffalo, to which were soon added the new sees of Brooklyn, Newark, and Burlington, Vt. At the beginning of the civil war, although he was a severe censor of the abolitionists, he showed himself a fervent defender of the Union, and he wrote often to the president and Sec. Seward about the most effectual means for carrying on the war. At their request he vis ited Europe, to exert his personal influence and social tact, especially in high circles in France, for the benefit of the national cause. He sailed in November, 1861, in company with Thurlow Weed, who was charged with a similar mission, and he remained abroad until the following summer, stoutly defending the national interests, and holding a long and interesting conversation on American with the French emperor. This

was his last important public service. His health had long been failing, and his closing years were spent in great debility. He was an active agent in the foundation of the American college in Rome, established the present theological seminary of the province at Troy, began the new St. Patrick's cathedral, introduced numerous religious orders, especially those employed in teaching, and promoted free parish schools. The introduction into the legislature of a bill for the regulation of church property led to a vigorous newspaper controversy between the archbishop and Erastus Brooks (g. v.) respecting the tenure of such property in New York (1854). The archbishop republished the letters, with the title "Brooksiana (New York, 1855); and they were also reprinted by Mr. Brooks. Controversies in fact of a personal or theological nature crowded upon him with hardly any cessation until almost his last days. The archbishop was a man of irreproachable private life, generous, kind-hearted, highminded, frank, simple in his habits, stately and polished in his manners, an agreeable talker, and a firm friend. In the pulpit a dignified and at tractive presence added to the effect of his fine but unstudied delivery. His style in speaking was clear and forcible. His writings were diffuse and hasty, but they had the great merit of fastening the attention of the public, and they always served their purpose. His strong attachment to his native land was often shown in conspicuous ways, but he was an ardent American, and vehemently opposed every project that tended to separate the Irish in this country from their native fellow-citizens. He had a great dislike for most of the IrishCatholic newspapers and a contempt for the Irish revolutionary party. He had a high estimate of the episcopal office, ruling somewhat haughtily, but winning ready and cheerful obedience. On his own part he was a loyal subject of the holy see, and his devotion to the interests of his church was absolutely unselfish. He lived to see extraordinary changes in the condition of the church under his care, as well as in the public temper, which no longer enjoyed the hot polemics of his earlier years. But he had been a great force in an era when a fighting bishop was needed. When the nuncio, Archbishop Bedini, asked an American priest to explain why Archbishop Hughes was held in so much higher popular consideration than other prelates, the answer was: “I think it is because he is always game." His miscellaneous Writings," comprising, besides works already mentioned, a great, number of controversial, historical, and expository lectures, pamphlets, letters, etc., were collected by Laurence Kehoe (2 vols., New York, 1865). See also Life of the Most Reverend John Hughes, D. D., First Archbishop of New York, with Extracts from his Private Correspondence," by John R. G. Hassard (1866).

HUGHES, Robert William, jurist, b. in Powhatan county, Va., 6 June, 1821. He was educated at Caldwell institute, N. C., and taught in the high-school at Hillsborough, N. C., in 1840-2. He removed to Richmond, Va., and edited the "Examiner" until 1857, and in 1858-19 was one of the staff of the Washington "Union." He served in the Confederate army throughout the civil war, in 1865-'6 edited the Richmond "Republic," and contributed to the "State" and Journal." In June, 1869, while connected with the "State," he fought a duel with William E. Cameron of the Richmond " Index," in which the latter was wounded. He was U. S. attorney of the western district of Virginia in 1871-3, Republican

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candidate for governor in 1873, and from 1874 till the present date (1887) he has been United States judge for the eastern district of Virginia. He has published "The American Dollar" (Richmond, 1866); biographies of Gen. John B. Floyd and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston (New York, 1867); and "The Currency Question" (1879).

HUGHES, Thomas, British author, b. in Uffington, Berkshire, England. 20 Oct., 1823. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and at Oriel college, Oxford, where he was graduated in 1845. He was admitted to the bar in 1848, and was member of parliament for Lambeth from 1865 till 1868, when he was elected for Frome, which he represented till January, 1874. In 1869 he was appointed queen's counsel, and in 1869–70 made the tour of the United States, and lectured in the principal cities. On 5 Oct., 1880, Mr. Hughes formally opened Rugby colony, Tenn., of which he has been superintendent ever since. Mrs. Hughes, the mother of the superintendent, has made her home at Rugby, and there Mr. Hughes spends his annual vacation. Among other works he has written "Tom Brown's School Days" (London, 1856); "Tom Brown at Oxford" (1861); "Religio Laici" (1862); "Alfred the Great" (1869); and Memoirs of a Brother" (1873). He has also written prefaces to English editions of Lowell's "Biglow Papers" and Walt Whitman's poems.

HUGUES, Victor, French soldier, b. in Marseilles in 1761; d. near Bordeaux in November, 1826. At the age of seventeen he was sent to Santo Domingo, where he prospered, and at the beginning of the French revolution in 1789 he professed the new democratic principles. In the ensuing troubles in the island he was transported to France. The committee of public safety appointed him prosecutor of Brest, and afterward of Rochefort. The convention which succeeded the committee of safety chose him in February, 1794, as commissioner to the French West Indies, with orders to reconquer Guadeloupe from the English. Hugues sailed from Aix on 23 April, 1794, on the frigate “La Pique,” with only a small force. He sighted Pointe à Pitre on 24 May, and found it occupied by a strong British garrison. He then resolved to attack Basse Terre, and, landing there on 30 May, captured the fortress Fleur de l'Epée, which commanded the bay, drove the English out of the city, and, following them, besieged and took, 6 June, Pointe à Pitre, which was defended by 4,000 men. Meanwhile the English admiral Jervis had brought to the besieged some re-enforcements, and, unable to defend Pointe à Pitre against overwhelming forces, Hugues retreated to the country, and, calling to his aid the negroes, armed 2,000 of them, with which force he again assumed the offensive. On 6 Oct., he obliged the English general to surrender in his camp of Barville with his whole force, in which were comprised 800 French emigrés and 900 colored soldiers. Hugues ordered 300 of the emigrés to be shot as traitors, and condemned 100 of the colored soldiers to the public works. After this bloody execution, he set himself at work to pacify and organize the colony, visiting every city of importance and carrying with him the guillotine. For his cruelties he was soon called the "Robespierre" of the West Indies. Yet under his military rule Guadeloupe prospered greatly. Having received some re-enforcements from France, Hugues sent out several expeditions, which reconquered from the English Marie-Galante, Les Saintes, La Désirade, and Sainte-Lucie et Saint Martin, and he restored the latter island to its former owners, the Dutch, in 1795. The English

for him from the Greek manuscript in the Paris | library.-Harm Jan's grandson, Henry Shippen, soldier, b. in Meadville, Pa., 17 July, 1839, was graduated at Harvard in 1862. He served in the civil war from July, 1862, till March, 1864, commanding the 150th Pennsylvania regiment, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, at Gettysburg, where he was wounded twice and lost his right arm. After the war he served in the National guard of Pennsylvania fifteen years, with one commission as brigadier-general and three as majorgeneral. During the railroad riots of 1877 he commanded the 7th division, and at Scranton, by prompt decision and timely action, he saved the city from a mob. Gen. Huidekoper was postmaster of Philadelphia in 1880-'5, and now (1887) resides in New York. He has published a "Manual of Service," which is an authority in military matters (Meadville, Pa., 1879).

HUITZILIHUITL (weet-see-lee-weetle), the name of two Aztec kings. The second was 4th king of Mexico (2d according to some accounts), b. in the latter half of the 14th century; d. 2 Feb., 1414. After the death of his father, Acamapixtli, in 1402, the priests tried to prevent the election of a new sovereign, in order to usurp the power, and only after an interregnum of four months and long debates was Huitzilihuitl elected king. His election was approved by Tezozomoc, king of Azcapotzalco, then suzerain of Mexico, who gave him his daughter in marriage, of which union Moetheuzoma Ilhuycamina, or Montezuma I., was born. By his second wife he had eighteen children, the eldest of whom, Chimalpopoca, became his successor, and the second, a daughter, Matlaltzihuatzin, was mother of the poet Netzahualcoyotl. These are his family relations according to modern researches, and exact interpretations of the Aztec hieroglyphics. Huitzilihuitl II. was an able and talented ruler, and was one of the best of the Aztec kings of Mexico. In 1405 he succeeded in attracting several scattered tribes, descendants of the extinct Toltec nation, from Xalisco, and thereby increased his power and the wealth of his nation. Huitzilihuitl died, according to the Aztec almanac, on the 9th day of the first week in the year of the three rabbits, corresponding in our calendar to 2 Feb., 1514.-His eldest son, Montezuma, ought to have been his successor, but, owing to the influence of his second wife, her son, Chimalpopoca (q. v.), succeeded him, and thereafter, an illegitimate son, Izcohuatl, and only after his death did Montezuma I. ascend the throne. But, according to former historians, Chimal popoca and Izcohuatl were Huitzilihuitl's brothers, and thereafter the successor to the crown was always the brother of the late monarch, or, in default of a brother, a nephew.

HUITZILIHUITZIN (weet-see-lee-weet-seen'), Texcocan priest, b. in Texcoco about the end of the 14th century; d. in 1448. He was a nobleman and priest, and his advice was highly appreciated by the king, Ixtlilxochitl I., who nominated him councillor of the kingdom, and afterward tutor of his son, Netzahualcoyotl. In this office Huitzilihuitzin not only gave his pupil the physical and intellectual training customary in his time and nation, but initiated him in the knowledge of one true God, whose existence he claimed to have discovered by meditation. It being impossible to have in the capital of Texcoco all the plants and animals of the kingdom, the learned Huitzilihuitzin asked the king to employ painters to represent them on the walls of the palace, and the work was accomplished under his supervision. He was also one of the chroniclers of the nation. When, by the treason of

Tezozomoc, the king, Ixtlilxochitl I., was slain, Huitzilihuitzin made strenuous efforts to raise an army to defend the rights of Prince Netzahualcoyotl. His labors were highly esteemed by the Texcocans, and many wonderful stories are related of him. He distinguished himself in many battles when Netzahualcoyotl was reconquering his kingdom. Once he had just left Netzahualcoyotl sleeping in a wood when he was surprised by the enemy, and, though they tortured him to compel him to declare the place where the prince was concealed, he remained silent. Finally he was doomed to be sacrificed to the gods; but, when he had ascended to the summit of the temple, a furious storm frightened the priests, who left him alone for a moment, and two of his sons rescued him. When King Netzahualcoyotl had finally triumphed over his enemies, he offered a reward to his tutor, who declined it, and devoted the rest of his life to study and to the organization of the academies of the royal city, where he died at an advanced age.

When

HUITZITON, Mexican soldier, lived about the 6th century. He was elected leader of the Mexicans in their long and dangerous peregrinations from the north of the continent to the valley of Mexico. During the march, the Mexicans had to fight many battles against the nations in their way, but, under the command of Huitziton they were always victorious. The prevision of this chieftain was so great that he caused seed to be planted in the different resting-places on their way. they had not enough provisions, he asked the tribes through which he passed for them, offering in exchange some products of his people's industry; and, if they refused, he fought till he obtained them. He died at a very old age, and his people deified him. He is represented as seated at the left of Mapoche, the lord of the heavens. Many fabulous stories are related among the Mexicans regarding him. After his deification he took different names. Before the separation of the Tlaxcaltecs and Mexicans they divided the bones of Huitziton, and the Tlaxcalans called their god Camaxtle, to distinguish him from the Mexican god.

HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, b. near Rockford, Ill., 4 June, 1854; d. in California, 27 March, 1877. She learned telegraphy when only ten years of age, and for some time was a successful operator. Subsequently she taught, and employed her leisure in the study of law. In 1872 she passed the required examination and applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of her sex. She then bent her energies toward securing the passage of a bill through the state legislature, giving all women, whether married or single, the right to practise law. Succeeding in this, she went to Chicago, where she spent a year in an office, after which she was again examined, admitted to the bar, and began the practice of her profession.

HULL, Amos Girard, author, b. in Paris, Oneida co., N. Y., 7 March, 1815. He was graduated at Union college in 1840, and after teaching in Fulton, N. Y., in 1841, became superintendent of public instruction in Volney, N. Y., in 1843. He was president of the village of Fulton in 1850, and was for many years surrogate of Oswego county, but subsequently removed to New York city. He has been a frequent contributor to the press on political questions, and has published "Treatise on the Duties of Town and County Offices" (Albany, 1855), and “ History of the Early Settlement of Oswego Falls" (1862)."

HULL, Hope, clergyman, b. in Worcester county, Md., 13 March, 1763; d. in Athens, Ga., 4 Oct., 1818. His early education was neglected, and