of New York. He was also one of the founders of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals and of the Central park museum of natural history. In 1848 he planned and carried out a voyage in the South Pacific, meeting with many strange experiences among the islanders and cannibals. He was U. S. consul at Ningpo in 1854, in 1856 made a new treaty for the United States with Siam, and, on the opening of Japan by Com. Matthew C. Perry, was selected as a fit person to follow up the work that had been begun by American diplomacy. He lived nearly two years at Kakisaki, near Shimoda, and went to Yedo to press his claims. His interpreter, Mr. Heusken, was assassinated in the street in daylight, but, with imperturbable faith in the Japanese, Mr. Harris remained in Yedo when the other diplomatists had removed, and secured in 1858 the first treaty of trade and commerce, and on 1 Jan., 1859, the opening of three ports to foreign residents. He resigned his post on the change of administration, and resided in New York until his death. win institute, at Berea, where he remained till in 1851 he was chosen professor of chemistry and natural history in Ohio Wesleyan university. Here he continued until 1860, when he was elected by the general conference one of the corresponding secretaries of the missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal church, which office he held by quadrennial re-elections till May, 1872, when he was elected and ordained a bishop. He was a delegate in the general conferences for 1856, 1860, 1864, 1868, and 1872, and also the secretary of that body at each of these sessions. He received the degree of D. D. in 1856 and of LL. D. in 1870. During the years 1872-3 he circumnavigated the globe, visiting the mission-stations of his church in Japan, China, and India, and also those in the various countries of Europe. He is recognized as an expert in Methodist church law, and has published a small work on "The Powers of the General Conference" (1859), and conjointly with Judge William J. Henry, of Illinois, a treatise on Ecclesiastical Law," with special reference to the govHARRIS, William, educator, b. in Springfield, ernment of the Methodist Episcopal church (1870). Mass., 29 April, 1765; d. in New York city, 18 Oct., HARRIS, William Torrey, educator, b. in 1829. He was graduated at Harvard in 1786. South Killingly, Conn., 10 Sept., 1835. He was Having studied theology, he was licensed as a Con- educated at Phillips Andover academy, and at gregational minister, but, finding his health not Yale, where in 1869 he received the honorary deequal to the work, he began the study of medicine gree of A. M. In 1868-'80 he was superintendent in Salem, Mass. While he was thus occupied, a copy of public schools in St. Louis, in 1866 founded of Hooker's" Ecclesiastical Polity" was put into his the philosophical society of St. Louis, and the next hands. Its perusal led Mr. Harris to give up in-year founded and edited the "Journal of Speculadependency, and, his health having been restored, tive Philosophy," the first of its character ever he was ordained deacon in Trinity church, New published in the United States. He was president York, by Bishop Provoost, 16 Oct., 1791, and priest of the National educational association in 1875, the following Sunday by the same bishop. His and represented the U. S. bureau of education at first charge was St. Michael's church, Marblehead, the International congress of educators at Brussels Mass., where he also conducted the academy. He in 1880. Since 1884 he has been president of the held both offices until 1802, when he accepted the Boston school-master's club, and is an active memrectorship of St. Mark's church, New York city. ber of the Concord school of philosophy. Mr. Here also, in the vicinity of his rectory, he estab- Harris contributes constantly to magazines on lished an excellent classical school. In 1811 he art, education, and philosophy, has translated exreceived the degree of D. D. both from Harvard tensively from German and Italian thinkers of the and from Columbia. On Bishop Moore's resigna- advanced school, and published twelve "Annual tion of the presidency of the latter institution, Dr. Reports" on the St. Louis schools (St. Louis, Harris was chosen to succeed him in 1811, and for 1869-'81); and a "Statement of American Educaa few years held the office in connection with his tion" (which was used at the World's expositions church. In 1816 he resigned the rectorship of St. at Vienna and Paris); and edits "Appletons' InMark's, and devoted the remainder of his life to ternational Educational Series." his duties as president. Although suffering from disease in his latter years, he discharged his duties with faithfulness and diligence up to the close of his life. Dr. Harris published two sermons, one delivered before the convention of Massachusetts, the other before that of New York. He also printed his "Farewell Sermon" on leaving St. Mark's church (1816). HARRIS, William Logan, M. E. bishop, b. near Mansfield, Ohio, 4 Nov., 1817. He received such primary tuition as the schools about his home afforded, and afterward pursued a course of classical and mathematical studies at the Norwalk seminary, Ohio. He united with the Methodist Episcopal church in 1834, and in September, 1837, was admitted on trial to the Michigan conference, which then included the northwestern part of Ohio. Upon the readjustment of the conference boundaries in 1840, he became a member of the north Ohio conference, and by a later subdivision he fell into the central Ohio conference. For eight years he labored in pastoral work on several circuits and stations in the northern and central parts of Ohio. In 1845 he became an instructor in the Ohio Wesleyan university. In 1846-7 he was stationed in Toledo, and in 1848 at Norwalk. In that year he became principal of Bald HARRISON, Benjamin, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Berkeley, Charles City co., Va., about 1740; d. in April, 1791. The general impression that his family was descended from Harrison the regicide appears to be erroneous. As a member of the burgesses in 1764 he served on the committee that prepared the memorials to the king, lords, and commons; but in 1765, with many other prominent men, opposed the stamp act resolutions of Henry as impolitic. He was chosen in 1773 one of the committee of correspondence which united the colonies against Great Britain in 1774, was appointed one of the delegates to congress, and was four times re-elected to a seat in that body. As a member of all the Vir Bery Harrison ginia conventions to organize resistance, he acted with the party led by Pendleton in favor of "general united opposition." On 10 June, 1776, as chairman of the committee of the whole house of congress, he introduced the resolution that had been offered three days before by Richard Henry Lee, declaring the independence of the American colonies, and on 4 July he reported the Declaration of Independence, of which he was one of the signers. On his return from congress he became a member of the Virginia house of delegates under the new constitution, was chosen speaker, and filled that office until 1781, when he was twice elected governor of the commonwealth. As a delegate to the Virginia convention of 1788, he opposed the ratification of the Federal constitution, taking the ground of Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and others, that it was a national and not a Federal government, though when the instrument was adopted he gave it his hearty support. At the time of his death he was a member of the Virginia legislature. In person Benjamin Harrison was large and fleshy; in spite of his suffering from gout, his good humor was unfailing. Although without conspicuous intellectual endowments, he was a man of excellent judgment and the highest sense of honor, with a courage and cheerfulness that never faltered, and a "downright candor" and sincerity of character which conciliated the affection and respect of all who knew him. His third and youngest son, William Henry, ninth president of the United States, b. in Berkeley, Charles City co., Va., 9 Feb., 1773: d. in Washington, D. C., 4 April, 1841, was educated at Hampden Sidney college, Virginia, and began the study of medicine, but before he had finished it accounts of the Indian outrages that had been committed on the western frontier raised in him a desire to enter the army for its defence. Robert Morris, who had been appointed his guardian on the death of his father in 1791, endeavored to dissuade him, but his purpose was approved by Washington, who had been his father's friend, and he was commissioned ensign in the 1st infantry on 16 Aug., 1791. He joined his regiment at Fort Washington, Ohio, was appointed lieutenant of the 1st sub-legion, to rank from June, 1792, and afterward joined the new army under Gen. Anthony Wayne. He was made aide-de-camp to the commanding officer, took part, in December, 1793, in the expedition that erected Fort Recovery on the battlefield where St. Clair had been defeated two years before, and, with others, was thanked by name in general orders for his services. He participated in the engagements with the Indians that began on 30 June, 1794, and on 19 Aug., at a council of war, submitted a plan of march, which was adopted and led to the victory on the Miami on the following day. Lieut. Harrison was specially complimented by Gen. Wayne, in his despatch to the secretary of war, for gallantry in this fight, and in May, 1797, was made captain, and given command of Fort Washington. Here he was intrusted with the duty of receiving and forwarding troops, arms, and provisions to the forts in the northwest that had been evacuated by the British in obedience to the Jay treaty of 1794, and was also instructed to report to the commanding general on all movements in the south, and to prevent the passage of French agents with military stores intended for an invasion of Louisiana. While in command of this fort he formed an attachment for Anna, daughter of John Cleves Symmes. Her father refused his consent to the match, but the young couple were married in his house during his temporary absence, and Symmes soon became reconciled to his son-in-law. Peace having been made with the Indians, Capt. Harrison resigned his commission on 1 June, 1798, and was immediately appointed by President John Adams secretary of the northwest territory, under Gen. Arthur St. Clair as governor, but in October, 1799, resigned to take his seat as territorial delegate in congress. In his one year of service, though he was opposed by speculators, he secured the subdivision of the public lands into small tracts, and the passage of other measures for the welfare of the settlers. During the session, part of the northwest territory was formed into the territory of Indiana, including the present states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Harrison was made its governor and superintendent of Indian affairs. Resigning his seat in congress, he entered on the duties of his office, which included the confirmation of land-grants, the defining of townships, and others that were equally important. Gov. Harrison was reappointed successively by President Jefferson and President Madison. He organized the legislature at Vincennes in 1805, and applied himself especially to improving the condition of the Indians, trying to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors among them, and to introduce inoculation for the small-pox. He frequently held councils with them, and, although his life was sometimes endangered, succeeded by his calmness and courage in averting many outbreaks. On 30 Sept., 1809, he concluded a treaty with several tribes by which they sold to the United States about 3,000,000 acres of land on Wabash and White rivers. This, and the former treaties of cession that had been made, were condemned by Tecumseh (q. v.) and other chiefs on the ground that the consent of all the tribes was necessary to a legal sale. The discontent was increased by the action of speculators in ejecting Indians from the lands, by agents of the British government, and by the preaching of Tecumseh's brother, the "prophet " (see ELLSKWATAWA), and it was evident that an outbreak was at hand. The governor pursued a conciliatory course, gave to needy Indians provisions from the public stores, and in July, 1810, invited Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet, to a council at Vincennes, requesting them to bring with them not more than thirty men. In response, the chief, accompanied by 400 fully armed warriors, arrived at Vincennes on 12 Aug. The council, which was held under the trees in front of the governor's house, was nearly terminated by bloodshed on the first day, but Harrison, who foresaw the importance of conciliating Tecumseh, prevented, by his coolness, a conflict that almost had been precipitated by the latter. The discussion was resumed on the next day, but with no result, the Indians insisting on the return of all the lands that had recently been acquired by treaty. On the day after the council Harrison visited Tecumseh at his camp, accompanied only by an interpreter, but without success. In the following spring depredations by the savages were frequent, and the governor sent word to Tecumseh that, unless they should cease, the Indians would be punished. The chief promised another interview, and appeared at Vincennes on 27 July, 1811, with 300 followers, but, awed probably by the presence of 750 militia, professed to be friendly. Soon afterward. Harrison, convinced of the chief's insincerity, but not approving the plan of the government to seize him as a hostage, proposed, instead, the establishment of a military post near Tippecanoe, a town that had been established by the prophet on the upper Wabash. The news that the government had given |