ports of Cape Town, Durban, and Port Elizabeth. Wishing to isolate her adversaries, she did her utmost to induce Portugal to forbid the transportation through her territories even of those goods which are not prohibited by the law of nations. England was unwilling to bind herself to any list of forbidden goods, and contraband, according to British ideas, became a very comprehensive expression which, finally, was made to include everything-clothes for men, women, or children, ordinary food, etc.

At Lourenço Marquez there lived a man, able, energetic, and zealous, who greatly disapproved of this arbitrary behavior of the British. This was Mr. Pott, consul of the Netherlands and also consul-general of the two South African Republics at the Portuguese port of Lourenço Marquez. He succeeded in securing the transportation of all kinds of innocent goods which would never have reached their destination without his aid. He thus caused great annoyance to the British. As soon as the Republics were declared "annexed"-although such a declaration was of no value, seeing that it was issued by a merely temporary occupant of the country, and that it was followed not by peaceful rule and authority, but by continued warfare - Great Britain succeeded in persuading Portugal to withdraw from Mr. Pott his exequatur as consulgeneral of the Republics. Accordingly, that office ceased to exist, but Mr. Pott still remained consul for the Netherlands.

On November 17, 1900, the Dutch Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. de Beaufort, was informed by the Dutch Minister resident at Lisbon that the Portuguese Government wished also to withdraw from Mr. Pott his exequatur as consul of the Netherlands. However, before proceeding to such an extreme measure, Portugal suggested that Mr. Pott should be recalled by his own Government. The complaint made against him was in connection with the importation of certain heliographic instruments labelled as photographic apparatus. The Dutch Ministry had heard nothing of this affair except through newspaper reports. There had been no official report or complaint in regard to it. Afterward Mr. Pott declared that he had had nothing whatever to do, as consul, with this business. In reply to the complaints of Portugal, Mr. de Beaufort said that as this incident had occurred so long before, and as Portugal had not called attention to it at the time, he thought it best to have the affair accurately examined before deciding upon a course of action; and that, therefore, there could be no question of recalling Mr. Pott until the matter had been investigated. The Dutch Minister at Lisbon was also instructed to cable to Mr. Pott for information in regard to the affair.

At this juncture Mr. Pott requested leave of absence on account of his health; and the Dutch Government proposed to Portugal that the affair should be held in suspense pending Mr. Pott's return to Holland, when the matter could be thoroughly investigated.

At the beginning of December the Portuguese Government, apparently urged on by some mighty influence, insisted upon the immediate withdrawal of Mr. Pott's exequatur. It could not wait more than a few days. Why not? Was there periculum in mora? Did England long so urgently that this troublesome Pott should be removed from Lourenço Marquez? We are not sure about this. The Dutch Government answered that a revocation of the exequatur at that moment would appear not to be in accordance with those friendly relations which had always existed between Portugal and the Netherlands. Notwithstanding this protest Portugal withdrew the exequatur, whereupon the Dutch Minister at Lisbon was recalled, and the Portuguese Government recalled its Minister from the Hague. The incident was concluded in February, 1901, when the Count of Celir, Minister of the King of Portugal at the Court of the Hague, returned to Holland to present to the Queen the congratulations of his royal master upon the occasion of Her Majesty's wedding. Portugal having taken this first step toward the renewal of friendly relations, the Jonkheer van Weede, Minister of the Queen of Holland at the Court of Lisbon, was instructed to resume his post in Portugal.

What was the real cause of all this? Although Great Britain had proclaimed the annexation of the Republics, she was far from being mistress of the country. She saw more and more clearly the great difficulties which would have to be overcome. Mighty England had to find allies, especially an ally who could control Lourenço Marquez, in order to suppress those much-despised Boers. So this Anglo-Portuguese alliance was concluded-it is not yet known at what price. England, delighted at this achievement, and anxious to please her new friend, announced that on December 5, 1900, a great squadron should pay Lisbon a visit of courtesy, which should at the same time make known to all the world that Portugal could reckon in future on the support of the mightiest navy of the globe. The Portuguese Ministry, urged on, according to some, by the English and their sympathizers, held a meeting on December 4, and resolved to withdraw from Mr. Pott his exequatur as consul of the Netherlands. The next day Jonkheer van Weede left Lisbon by order of his Government. The "Seculo," a newspaper which published its version of the incident on that very morning, was awkward enough to acknowledge that all this had been done at the instigation of England.

But to remove the bad impression which this article had made in all circles, the "Novidades "an organ inspired by the Government-endeavored, in its evening edition, to diminish the importance of the incident, and to remove the impression as to British influence.

That same day an English squadron anchored in the roads of Lisbon. After official visits had been exchanged, the King and his Ministers went aboard the Majestic, on which Admiral Rawson had hoisted his flag. Even Queen Amélie did the same, welcoming the other vessels by Marconi telegrams. One festivity followed another. At a banquet in honor of the English, given at the palace on December 6, the King, in proposing the health of Queen Victoria, said that for centuries the relations between England and Portugal had been most intimate, and that he hoped the inviolable ties which bound the small but brave nation to its great ally would in future be the more strengthened. The word “ally" was then for the first time pronounced officially. The existence of such an alliance had previously been suspected; now it was declared openly. In a cablegram which the King sent to Queen Victoria that evening after dinner, he said that he was exceedingly pleased with the firm alliance which united Portugal and England.

The strangest thing of all is the short memory of the King of Portugal. Had he quite forgotten the humiliations which these so-called friends had for centuries inflicted upon his people? If one must faire bonne mine à mauvais jeu, at least one need not fall into exaggerations. Dignity should not be forgotten. It is worth while to study a few historical facts, which are of such importance that they should be remembered by those who have the honor to govern a proud people.

One of these facts is connected with the year 1759. Since the Treaty of Methuen, Portugal had been kept in subjection by England. France and Great Britain were at war. A small French squadron under De la Clue had bravely fought for a whole day against a superior British force under Admiral Boscawen. To escape pursuit De la Clue ran his vessels aground upon the neutral coast of Portugal, between Sagres and Lagos. But the British Admiral cared little about the laws of nations, or about the laws of neutrality. With his sixteen vessels he attacked the French squadron; and, in spite of the fire from the Portuguese forts, he captured two French ships and burnt the rest. This was a distinct insult to Portugal, which was then, as it is now, a small, weak, and impoverished state. Only four years before it had been overwhelmed by a great calamity the earthquake which destroyed Lisbon and several other towns. But at that period the King of Portugal had for Prime Minister a superior

and eminent man, the Marquess of Pombal, whom the people called o gran marquez (the great marquess). He could not tolerate such an insult to the proud people which he governed in the King's name. He protested vigorously, and wrote as follows to the British Government:

"I know that your Cabinet has assumed dominion over ours, but I also know that it is time this should cease. My predecessors may have been weak enough to grant you everything you wanted, but I shall never grant you anything but what I owe you. This is my last word; take your measures in accordance with it.

"I bid your Excellency not to remind me of the indulgence which my Government has shown toward yours. It is such as no kingdom ever showed toward another. It is only just that your ascendency should cease, and that we should show to Europe that we have shaken off the yoke of a foreign domination. We cannot show this more plainly than by requiring from your Government a satisfaction which you have no right to refuse. France would consider us impotent if we showed ourselves unable to demand satisfaction for the offence you have committed in burning vessels upon our very coasts. The satisfaction which I ask is in accordance with the law of nations. It happens every day that, through zeal or through want of consideration, officers of the navy or army do what they ought not to do. It is the duty of their Government to punish them, and to give satisfaction to the state which they have offended."

This language impressed the English Court. Lord Knowles was sent as Ambassador Extraordinary to the King of Portugal to apologize for the violation of territory, and to add the assurance that the British officers had received orders to act with more circumspection in the future. But nothing was done beyond this. Although the two French vessels, the Téméraire and Modeste, had been unjustly seized by the British, they were never restored.

Between

Let us now take another instance of more recent date. 1885 and 1887 the Portuguese, masters of the coast of Mozambique, had succeeded without the aid of a single rifle-bullet in gaining the submission of the native chiefs of Zambesia, in the valleys of the Panyame, the Sanyati, and the Umfuli, as well as of the chiefs of Mashona and of the neighborhood of Nyassa Lake. It is unnecessary to say that England did not like this, as she intended to make herself mistress of these regions. On August 13, 1887, the Court of St. James announced its intentions to the Portuguese Government, and declared that it did not acknowledge Portugal's claims to Mashonaland and Nyassa. The Cabinet of Lisbon replied that these countries had been at all times dependencies of the Crown of Portugal, that the Portuguese Government had formerly kept troops and maintained fortresses there, and that, if effective occupation had ceased temporarily, the native chiefs had never ceased to acknowledge the suzerainty of Portugal.

Without waiting for further discussion England sent troops to the disputed regions, under Mr. Selous and Mr. Colquhoun, who manoeuvred in such a way as to win over Lobengula, King of the Matabeles and socalled suzerain of Mashona. He accepted the protectorate of the British and gave them the monopoly of nine concessions in his dominions. Portugal protested vigorously, but England did not mind this in the least. She continued on her way, and on October 29, 1889, she granted to the British South African Company all rights over the country north of Bechuanaland, that is to say, over Khama's country, Matabeleland, and Mashonaland. Cecil Rhodes, the director of this company, immediately instructed Mr. Selous to occupy these annexed territories by military forces. All these proceedings constituted a most exasperating affront to Portugal from her pretended friend, but she endeavored to preserve her dignity. On November 9, 1889, the Portuguese Government published in the official newspaper of Lisbon a decree organizing the administration of Mozambique, and constituting a new province, called Zumbo, which included Mashonaland and Nyassa.

England laughed in her sleeve. The British Cabinet informed the Portuguese Ministry, on November 21, that it would not pay any heed to the protest of Portugal. As usual, the imperialistic press, headed by the "Times," raised a storm of invective against these poor Portuguese, who had dared to place themselves across the path which England, or rather Mr. Rhodes' Chartered Company, had reserved for its own occupation. While diplomatic negotiations were becoming more and more entangled, Major Serpa-Pinto, who, at the head of a large body of Portuguese troops, had been operating in Middle Zambesi and in the valley of the Shiré for more than a year, received notice, in November, 1889, from a British consul named Johnston, that England had extended her protectorate to the region which his (Major Serpa-Pinto's) troops then occupied. The Portuguese commander, thinking there could be no foundation for this claim, continued his advance; and having been told that a rebellious tribe had attacked a steamer of the English Lake Company on the Shiré, he directed his way toward this tribe to chastise them. Strong in his right and in his duty Serpa-Pinto attacked the Makololos, and scattered them. The Portuguese claim that these bands of savages were armed with English guns, were provided with English gunpowder, and bore English flags, some of which were picked up on the field of battle.

At the news of this Portuguese victory over the savages the English press committed great excesses. The newspapers declared that Portugal