Besides these industries many Chinese are proprietors of restaurants and coffee houses. They export flour and ginseng to China, and are dealers in all classes of goods, for both American and Chinese consumption. There are Chinese lawyers, doctors, and dentists; and not long ago a Chinese lawyer, educated in London and New York, went to China to become tutor to the grandchildren of Li Hung Chang. In many Western cities Chinese doctors, who advertise extravagantly in the newspapers, do a large business among the credulous Americans. Cigar-making is a trade taken up by the Chinese, to a great extent, in this country and in Cuba. They become very proficient in it, making wages equal to those of white operatives.

Probably the most interesting feature of Chinese industry in this country is the large number of Chinamen who are household servants. The Chinaman makes an excellent servant, and early in the history of California solved the vexed question of domestic service in that State. In San Francisco there were many families who were willing to pay high wages to competent servants. There were few women in the State, and those who went there were soon married. In this extremity, as in many others, the Chinaman was called upon to fill the gap. He learned to cook, to make beds, to dust bric-à-brac, and to care for children. Being deft and cleanly, his value as a servant was soon recognized, and he became an institution. Chinese servants are paid as low as twenty dollars a month and as high as sixty. In some cases, where there is much responsibility, especially in the supervision of other servants, they receive even more. Many of these household servants are young men of good family, and well educated, according to Chinese standards. They undertake this occupation as a means of learning to speak English correctly.

They frequently become much attached to the families they serve, and keep their positions for years. As caretakers of children, a mutual affection often springs up, rendering the servant very devoted. I remember the case of the son of a prominent lawyer in California who had a venerable Chinese servitor who was his most devoted friend and guardian. The boy's mother died about a year after his birth, and he was put in charge of a young and very intelligent Chinaman, as he had no female relatives, and there were few reliable women that could be hired to look after him. The Chinaman cared for this boy as for his own life, forsaking his old friends and associates in his devotion. When the child was big enough, his nurse took him to the Chinese quarters when he went to visit his friends. In the course of time the boy learned to speak the Chinese language, and could read and write it as well. When he

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went to college his Chinese servant accompanied him as valet. count of the facility with which he spoke Chinese, the young man was given responsible positions by manufacturing companies who employed large numbers of Chinamen. He is now a rich man, and his “China boy" is still his faithful servant.

Chinese servants in small families do all the housework. They cook and serve meals, changing their blouses and shoes for the service. They make beds, sweep, and dust, and this done are free until it is time to prepare and serve the midday meal. They work much faster than women, and thus have more spare time. After luncheon and the incidental work of cleaning up, they are free again until it is time to get dinner, after which, if they are not required to serve for an entertainment, they are at liberty to go home. They live among men of their own nationality in the Chinese quarters.

It is the general impression among Americans that the Chinese in this country are parsimonious. This is not the case. The Chinese have earned enormous amounts of money, to be sure, but they have also spent largely. Their savings may be estimated at not more than ten per cent of what they earn, which is very often permanently invested in this country, and does not go to China. Laborers seldom save anything, and this is as true of the Chinese as of other nationalities. In the first place, the Chinaman is usually charged more for what he buys than any one else, and again he is inclined to be a spendthrift when he can. He is an epicure in his own way. He is also fond of silk clothes and expensive shoes. Very often he is a gambler. The actual needs of the Chinaman are greater in this country than in China. The climate in the Kwangtung provinces is so mild that all he requires at home is a thin cotton blouse and trousers, and two extra garments for winter. His hat is of roughly plaited straw, and he wears straw sandals. In this country,

he must wear woollen underclothing, a felt hat, and leather boots, if a laborer. His boots in America cost four or five times as much as his whole outfit in China.

The food bought by the Chinese is often quite as expensive as that of the whites. Instead of living almost altogether on rice and chop sooy, as is the general impression, Chinamen, being quite as fond of meat as Americans, buy pork, beef, and chickens. Chop sooy is made to sell to curious white persons who visit Chinatown. In the vicinity of every large city where there is any considerable Chinese colony there are truck gardens devoted to raising vegetables exclusively for Chinamen from seed brought from their native land. These vegetables are unknown to Amer

icans. But the Chinese also consume large quantities of the finer kinds of American vegetables. The Chinaman has a sweet tooth also; and in the best Chinese restaurants in San Francisco, New York, Chicago, and other large cities, the best of wines are served to Chinese as well as American customers, together with the finest and most expensive foods. In the average Chinese restaurant in those cities good board can be had by the Chinese for from fifteen to twenty dollars a month, and these restaurants are largely patronized. As a rule, the Chinamen are compelled to lodge in mean quarters; but in New York and San Francisco there are a number of well-appointed homes, occupied by the families of well-to-do Chinese merchants, which the American seldom or never sees. In New York there is an apartment house, up-to-date in every respect, occupied by Chinese families. The Chinaman sticks as closely as he can to the traditions and customs of his country, which are strange to the Occidental and, therefore, a subject for comment and often for derision.

There are not many rich Chinamen in America; but some of them are very well off, with fortunes ranging from $100,000 to $500,000. There is one multi-millionaire, Chin Tan Sun, who is the richest Chinaman in the country. Chin Tan Sun owns whole towns, and employs hundreds of white men and women in his factories and canneries. He owns ranches, city real estate, gold mines, and diamonds; he runs lottery games; he imports laborers; he conducts a real estate business; and he has several merchandise stores in San Francisco. He is a selfmade man, and very shrewd and progressive. He came to America in the steerage as a lad, and went to work in a kitchen. He married a white woman, and with their savings they originated a "little lottery business in San Francisco. He was largely patronized by Americans, and soon grew rich enough to become a merchant also. From this beginning he developed into a commercial and political power. He is called "Big Jim" on account of his size. He is six feet tall, and a wellproportioned, good-looking man. In business he is regarded as the soul of honor. His wardrobe is magnificent, and several valets are needed to care for it.

There has always been a great deal of misinformation in this country with regard to the Chinese "Six Companies." As a matter of fact, these are simply associations of Chinamen from six districts in the Kwang-tung province of China. The Chinaman belongs to the company named after his district. The Six Companies are named as follows: Yup, Hop Wo, Kung Chow, and Yan

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Wo. They are mutual aid societies or guilds rather than anything else. It has been stated that they are virtually slave concerns; but this is not Their mission is to look after the sick and dead, to write letters for illiterate Chinamen, to advise in business matters, etc. Each company has a president who receives a salary of eighty dollars a month to look after the interests of its members when alive, and to ship their bones back to China when they die.

The native religious beliefs of the Chinaman deal largely with superstitions too complicated to discuss in an article of this length. The spread of Christianity among Chinamen in this country has, however, been steady and successful. There are now one hundred Chinese missions being conducted by the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and other denominations. It would be difficult to estimate the exact number of converts made by these missions. As a rule,

the Chinese who attend them are earnest in their endeavor to understand and embrace Christianity. SUNYOWE PANG.

THE RAKE'S PROGRESS IN TARIFF LEGISLATION.

In all cases of alleged corruption or maladministration those who are in control of government functions contend that the best way to secure reform is to effect it from within the ruling party. In this way the party which has succeeded in making the high tariff identical with its own raison d'être has advanced the claim that tariff reform ought to be effected by the friends of the tariff. This, of course, is expecting that the wolf will lay aside his desire for lamb, and the fox his appetite for poultry, and that these animals will give up life in the forest to become well-behaved denizens of the civilized precincts of the barnyard. The good intentions and reformatory resolutions of Reynard the Fox became wrecked at his first sight of a fat goose after he had started on his pilgrimage to Rome.

The Republican party in its early days had no high tariff propensities. In 1857 the first Republican House of Representatives lowered the so-called "free trade" tariff imposed by the Democratic Act of 1846. The ensuing war made successive increases of duty rates a necessity. Protection was at first an incident. The protective character of duties on goods was largely offset by internal taxes on domestic merchandise. When revenue had become redundant, countervailing internal taxes were reduced or entirely abolished. The Republican party was quite sincere in its promise that the tariff rates should be reduced to conform with the condition created by these changes. In fact, a reduction of 10 per cent was enacted by Congress in 1870. Men like Garfield and John Sherman repeatedly declared themselves to be seeking free trade along the road of protection.

But, like Reynard, they never got very far in their pilgrimage. The tariff goose was too seductive a morsel. The 10 per cent reduction was soon removed, and the unabated war tariff was permitted to continue. The demand for tariff reform raised by the consuming classes was supported by manufacturers, who felt themselves aggrieved by heavy burdens on the materials consumed in their manufactures. Mr. Arthur