(29) Indicate character of surface soil over whole profile. If surface is very irregular, so that piers for trestles (for instance) for the same bent will be at different elevations, give contour lines at about 5 ft. elevations on plan view so that heights of tops or piers may be determined.

(30) Determine and note on profile drawing, character of probable (or possible) foundation surfaces for the whole area of crossing, digging pits or making borings as may be necessary. If the footings are to be on rock, describe geological character, dip of strata, hardness, friability, influence of exposure to weather on reliability, etc. If the footing soil will be a clay, sand, gravel or mixture of these soils, describe texture of same, action of moisture on their reliability, exposure to scour, etc. If piers are liable to be started on a pile foundation, ascertain certainty of these being always wet, probable bearing capacity of piles (drive test piles if necessary), exposure to toredo or other similar animal destructive agency. Consider applicability of steel or concrete piles, concrete piers on pile foundation, steel cylinders filled with concrete, etc., etc.

If piers are to be built in a deep or swiftly running river, requiring pneumatic caissons or other works of considerable magnitude, the services of an expert should be secured, both to determine the feasibility of the crossing and the best method of accomplishing the same.

(31) Indicate on drawing the location of highways, railroad tracks, navigable waters. etc., that must be cleared by new structure, giving clear headroom required by each.

(32) State (if ascertainable at the time) whether piers and abutments will be of concrete or masonry.

(33) Class of Structure; i.e., Trestle, Plate Girder Spans on Piers, Lattice Girders or Pin-connected Spans on Piers or Trestle Bents, Cantilever Structures, Arches, Draw-Spans (Plate-Girder or Trusses), etc., etc.

Notes. The Class of structure to be erected will depend very largely on the completed first cost. This cost will be the combined costs of the completed substructure and of the completed superstructure. Inasmuch as (for a steel bridge) the substructure and superstructure will usually be let to different contractors, it is necessary that the engineers retain control over the design of the whole structure in order to preserve the most economical ratio between the costs of these two items. At the same time an opportunity should be given to the engineers of the bridge companies to submit their own most economical designs.

Therefore it will usually be incumbent on the engineers for the owners to arrive at a decision as to the outline of the structure, to indicate the same on the profile and to call for bids on this outline. Also, if any divergence is allowable, the steel contractor may be invited to submit prices on alternate designs of his own, which he should have no trouble in doing intelligently if all the information herein outlined is submitted to him.

In this way very close and satisfactory bids may usually be obtained with a minimum of delay.

(34) If truss spans are to be adopted, indicate whether pin-connected or riveted trusses are preferred (as affected by erection requirements, etc.).

(35) Is cost of removing an old bridge to be included in the estimate? Describe conditions fully, submitting photographs and drawings of existing structure. (36) Is traffic to be maintained on old bridge during re-building? Discuss possibility of relocating line, either temporarily or permanently.

(37) Submit any municipal or other ordinances which will govern the appearance, class of structure, design, etc., of the proposed bridge.

(38) Will the bridge be in a locality such as to be especially subject to rust, etc., so that provision must be made for a minimum thickness of metal, etc.? (39) On which bank will material be delivered?

(40) Method of erection. Determine as nearly as possible and state, method of erection that will be adopted: this will be affected by the usual considerations of character of site, cost of lumber, speed of erection desired, etc., etc. (41) If piers are to be made of steel screw-piles, sheet-steel cylinders, etc., state whether this material is to be furnished by the bridge company, and submit particular information concerning length, location, character of bottom, etc. (42) For Export Work: state any special limitations on weights and dimensions of individual pieces (see p. 373 et. seq.); specify that erection marks be stamped on pieces with steel dies in addition to paint marks, that special colors of paint be used (for ease in segregation and identification), etc. See Chap. IX. (43) In calling for quotations, follow outline on p. 213.

A REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE

The methods of obtaining designs and estimates on reinforced concrete work are so diverse that no attempt will be made to present a logical arrangement of preliminary-information clauses. It is believed, however, that the list is sufficiently complete so that the promoter, engineer, or bidder, by running over the same, may make a selection. proper and necessary to his particular purpose.

(1) Consider the clauses of the outline given for a Steel Railroad or Highway Bridge on p. 30 et seq., in their relation to the construction of one of Reinforced Concrete.

(2) Ascertain cost per barrel of cement delivered at site, or of hauling from nearest R. R. station to site.

(3) Cost per yard of suitable sand, gravel and stone delivered at site?

(4) Report on class of lumber locally available for form construction, its cost at site, and possible future disposal.

(5) Method and cost of hauling reinforcing steel from nearest R. R. station to site? (6) Ditto, for concrete mixing plant, etc.

(7) Character of labor available locally for excavation work, form-building, concrete work, etc.; its efficiency and cost?

(8) Make a thorough examination of the site, making borings and test-pits, to ascertain the character and amount of excavation required.

(9) Report on material available for back-filling.

(10) What kind of floor finish is desired, both for roadway and sidewalks? How much of this is to be done by contractor?

(11) Describe severity of frosts that might delay concreting.

INFORMATION SHEET FOR STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS FOR EXPORT

In order to obtain a close price on any proposed building, and to obtain it with a minimum of delay and previous correspondence, it will add very materially to the certainty of obtaining these results if the prospective purchaser will submit definite information as to the kind of building he has in view.

in about the style illustrated on Figs. 22 and 23 which accompany this buildings the information should be accompanied by a sketch made

FIG. 22.-Typical drawing of factory building for obtaining prices. Also see Fig. 23.

ELEVATION

the data that should be furnished. For all except the very simplest The following questions have been compiled in order to indicate

information sheet. It will be noted that a Floor Plan and a Crosssection are shown, and (to a smaller scale) Elevations of all sides of the building. On the Floor Plan should be located all machinery, tanks, etc., with their weights when in working order; and also the position of their feet or supporting lugs should be given so that beams to carry them may be properly located. The other views are self-explanatory.

(1) Width and length of main building out-to-out?

Note. Make allowance for space to be occupied by columns.

(2) Ditto, for lean-to's, etc.?

(3) Height to under side of roof-truss, for main building and for lean-to's.

Note. Make allowance for knee-braces.

(4) Upper Floors.-Width and length, and height to top of steel beams? Note.— Make allowance for thickness of floor.

(5) Traveling Crane.-Distance to under side of bridge? Length of runway?

Floors

(6) Give working weight of all machinery, indicating on drawing the position of the supporting feet and lugs.

(7) Give size and location of all openings required in floor for the bottoms of machines, hoppers, etc.

(8) Floor Loads.-State whether floor will be used for storage purposes, giving the material to be stored and the probable height of the pile so that the floor may be designed to carry the load.

(9) State the kind of flooring desired, wood, concrete, steel-plate (checkered or indented), etc.

Roofs, Skylights, Etc.

(10) of what material is the roof to be made; of corrugated steel (black or galvanized), give thickness or gauge of same; or tar-and-gravel on wood sheathing; or tile on steel purlins or on wood sheathing (in former case send a sketch of tile proposed); or other kind of roofing material?

(11) Ventilators.-Are these required? Are a number of round ventilators preferred or a long "monitor"?

(12) If a monitor-ventilator is required, is it to have slats (louvres) all around, or alternate slats and windows, or windows on one side (windward) and slats on the other side (leeward)?

(13) Skylights.-If these are required indicate their position on the drawing and give approximate size desired. Is a first-class skylight required (to go over a sugar-storage room, etc.), or one of ordinary construction?

(14) Indicate on the drawing the size and position of all stacks, condensers, etc., projecting through the roof, and state whether they are to be covered (with a small "pent-house") or not.

(15) Are gutters and down-spouts required to carry off the rain-water?

(16) Is it desired to use the roof-trusses for hoisting machinery? If so, state the approximate load that will come on each truss.

Siding, Windows, etc.

(17) Of what material are the sides to be composed; of corrugated steel (black or galvanized), give thickness or gauge of same; or of brick "curtain" walls in between the steel columns; or of brick "self-supporting" walls carrying the floors and roof; or of reinforced concrete; or of other material?

(18) Windows.-Indicate the number and position of the windows required on the sketch, and state approximately the size. If glass windows, are they to be fixed, or rising or pivoted? Or are iron-shutter windows preferred, or gratings (with or without glass windows)?

(19) Doors.-Indicate the number and position of the doors required on the sketch, and state approximate sizes. State whether they are to be metal-covered wood doors, or paneled, or of other type. Are sliding or swing doors preferred?

(20) Is the siding to extend up to the eaves, or is a space of 3 or 4 ft. to be left open for ventilation? Is it desired that this space be closed with wirenetting?

Miscellaneous

(21) Is the building to be of ordinary good construction, i.e., with cornices, cornerboards, metal casing around windows end doors; or is it to be constructed as cheaply as possible, with all this finish omitted?

(22) Stairs. Are these to be furnished? Note.-Steel channel stringers and metal treads are the usual construction; if wooden treads (furnished by purchaser) are desired it should be stated.

(23) Railings.—Are these to be furnished? Note.-Gas-pipe railings are the usual construction. Wooden railings should be furnished by the purchaser. (24) Elevator (Freight and Passenger).—Is the elevator itself to be furnished? If so, state maximum and ordinary load to be lifted; approximate size of platform required; and whether it will be operated by a belt from a line-shaft, by a separate electric motor (give particulars as to current available); or by hydraulic power (give water pressure available). Also, is the elevator supporting frame-work to be of steel or wood? If of steel, is it to be furnished? Note.-Wooden framing is usually supplied by the purchaser.

(25) Anchor-bolts.-Are they to be furnished, or will they be made at the plantation from drawings supplied by the building contractor?

(26) Traveling Crane. Is this to be furnished? If so, give capacity in pounds; whether hand power or electric (give all particulars as to current available); and give distance to underside of bridge and amount of hoist required (see sketch).

(27) Extraordinary meteorological or other conditions.-Will the building be ex