posed to severe wind-storms, heavy falls of snow, earthquake shocks, etc.? State the severity expected in each case. (28) Shipment.-Are there any limitations on the size or weight of the pieces entering into the structure on account of having to ship by mule-back, canoe, or other special means of transportation? (29) In calling for quotations, follow outline on p. 213. COAL, ETC., STORING AND HANDLING PLANT Information to be given to engineers or to manufacturers of coalhandling equipment for obtaining a design and estimate. (1) Submit a plan of the site to a convenient scale. Sections should be shown, taken on prominent lines, or the plan may be topographical. Photographs of the site are usually very helpful. Show range of tide. (2) State the character of the material to be handled, whether anthracite or bituminous coal, size of average and maximum pieces (in case of rock, etc.). (3) Describe the process of handling that it desired to install; giving quantities in pounds or in tons of 2,000 or 2,240 lb. (be careful to state which) that are to be discharged, stored, recovered, loaded, etc., per hour or per day of 10, 12, 24, etc., hours (be careful to state which). (4) In the case of cars to be unloaded, give the gauge of track, capacity of car, length of car inside, height to floor and top, whether side, end or bottom dump, etc.; sending, if possible a sketch of same. Give clearance requirements for locomotives. (5) In the case of boats to be unloaded, give the net tonnage (capacity), length, size and location of hatches, etc., showing all on a plan and cross-sections of individual boats if possible, or describe the class of boats sufficiently so that the plant may be designed to suit them. (6) In the case of cars, boats, carts, etc., to be loaded, give similar information to that described above. (7) Describe the character of the surface-soil and foundation-soil sufficiently so that foundations may be properly designed. See p. 18; and, in case of questionable material, make tests as there described. (8) In case a wharf is to be built, submit information as outlined on p. 48. (9) What power is to be used to operate the installation, steam or electric? In the former case describe any existing boiler-plant that it is proposed to use, sufficiently so that calculations may be made as to the power available. In the latter, state whether direct or alternating current is available, the voltage, and, for A.C., the phase and frequency; also state the power available. (10) Is the fixed structure to be of wood, of structural steel, of reinforced concrete, or of a combined construction? Describe requirements for trestles, bins, etc. (11) Are moving towers to be of steel or wood construction, or a combination? (12) Are there any municipal, state or federal regulations as to headroom, clear waterways, boiler plants, etc., to be complied with? (13) What are the local conditions as to skilled and unskilled labor required on construction or operation? Wages? (14) What are the facilities for unloading and transporting materials of construction? Are customs duties, landing-charges, etc., to be figured on? If so, enumerate in full. (15) In case the plant is to be contracted for "erected", submit data as to cost of cement, stone, sand, lumber, etc., to be used in construction; space available for storing material and rent for same; etc. Go over the whole process of erection mentally, down to acceptance and payment, and obtain data and costs of all items that can possibly affect the job. (16) Meterological.-What rains, storms, earthquakes, etc., may be expected during the construction or life of the structure, that must be provided for. In case of violent winds or hurricanes, state maximum velocity. (17) In calling for quotations, follow outline on p. 213. ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT: INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED FOR OBTAINING DESIGNS AND ESTIMATES I. The Market A. Electric Light and Power (1) Submit Maps of the area of proposed electrification, one on a small scale to show the whole district; and others, on larger scales, to show each town, etc. On these should be marked present Population, existing factories, probable future developments of population and Industries, etc., preferably in colors for quick grasping by non-technical consultants. Also indicate proposed sites of power houses, sub-stations, coal-storage sites, transmission lines, etc. (2) Obtain as accurate data as possible concerning present Population, and its Distribution. Report on probable increases. Submit unit figures as the work may warrant. (3) Describe the character of Dwellings in the different areas, and report on the present means of lighting and cooking, its cost, and the disposition of the inhabitants to adopt electric light and devices. (4) Industries.—Enumerate and describe existing industrial establishments, obtaining data regarding existing kind, quantity and cost of power; suitability of the work for electric driving; style of current and motors most suitable; use of current for electric furnace work, etc. Also outline probable growth of present industries and possible development of new ones if suitable and cheap power is available. (5) Street Lighting.-Present means of lighting; possibility of change to electric; franchise that may be obtained; style of lights preferred or best adapted to conditions (bearing in mind the combinations of a house-lighting service); total number required; restrictions on overhead wiring; "moonlight" or "allnight, every-night" service required; probable price per lamp per year that may be obtained; mark location of lamps on map so that wiring system may be estimated; preference of authorities regarding appearances of poles, lamp standards, overhead wiring, etc.; submit photos of typical streets; municipal ordinances governing installation; local material available for poles, etc. B. Street and Interurban Railways (6) Submit topographical Maps, of the whole district on a small scale and of the towns on a large scale. Outline in color areas particularly considered. (7) Give the Populations of the effected and contiguous towns and villages and record on map. Describe the commercial characteristics of the districts, enumerating factories and number of persons employed in each, movement of farming produce and freight, etc., etc. (8) Show on the map the proposed location of the Lines, and also possible future extensions. Indicate double tracks and turnouts. (9) Discuss the matter of probable Increase in Traffic. (10) Indicate on the map the location of Ball-grounds, Parks, Cemeteries and such other places as will call for a concentration of cars and power at special times. (11) Number the different lines or parts of lines and state for each the desired frequency of Car Service during "rush hours," in daytime and at night; i.e., submit tentative schedules. (12) Note all grades, giving their length, gradient and direction. These may best be shown by Profiles made along the proposed routes. (13) Describe present Surface of streets, whether stone paving, asphalt, etc. Is it proposed to put in a new surface when car lines are laid? What portion of expense of street paving is to be borne by the railway company? (14) Are there any restrictions concerning overhead Trolley Wires or conductors? Are wood or metal poles to be used? (15) State any preference as to Type of Cars. Must closed cars be used in winter, and must they be heated? (16) Is the voltage and kind of Current to be used restricted by present plants? Describe completely. (17) If Estimated Cost is to include the following, describe fully.-Bridges, viaducts, cuts, fills, retaining walls, fences, waiting rooms, platforms, etc. (18) Submit copies of all municipal or government Regulations on the subject of electric street railways. (19) Interurban Tracks.-If estimated cost of these is desired, submit data as for steam railroad locations (p. 41). II. Location and Construction of the Generating Station A. Steam Electric Power Plants Several sites will probably be under consideration, within the city, in the suburbs, or in an isolated location. Mark on the map the proposed sites, number them, and for each one report on the following considerations. (20) Municipal or other Ordinances (either existing or probable) concerning smoke, noise and ash nuisances, that may cause trouble in operation; concerning character and appearance of building that may be erected in certain localities; etc. (21) Location with reference to Center of Distribution (important for direct generation of low-voltage circuits, not so much so for high-tension, step-down systems.) (22) Coal Supply and Ash Disposal.-Relative costs of coal as delivered on a siding, in barges alongside station, etc. Method of disposing of ashes. (23) Water Supply for boiler-feed and for condensing purposes. For the former, state amount available and submit analysis or sample. For the latter, state amount available and quality. If quantity is limited, consider possibility of a cooling tower; also note that steam turbines require far more cond. water than reciprocating engines. (24) For all sites under discussion, state possibility of acquiring property for Enlargement of plant. (25) For all sites under consideration, ascertain probable Cost of Land, obtaining options if necessary. (26) Character of Foundation Soil.-Option on property should contain clause allowing borings, etc., to ascertain this. Make a thorough examination and report, sinking test holes or pits every 50 ft. or so apart, so that there may be no question as to conditions to be encountered. (See pp.2 and 18.) (27) Coal Storage.-Ascertain and describe possible sites for storage of a large amount of coal to tide over shortage due to strikes, etc. Discuss style of coalhandling plant probably best suited to each; and method of getting coal to site and from site to power house. (28) Labor Supply.-Desirability of site from point of view of operators: possibility of attractive local housing, or of good transportation from such. (29) Factors Influencing Cost of Construction.-Possibility of obtaining, and cost of, local stone, sand, brick, cement, piles, etc., that may be used in construction. Method and probable cost of transporting building material and machinery to site. B. Hydro-electric Power Plants In the U. S., the maps, stream gaugings, etc., of the U. S. Geological Survey contain very valuable data and are available for many areas. In other countries, however, it may be necessary to make more or less complete surveys to obtain much of the data called for below. In connection with small hydro-electric developments it should be remembered that quite small streams may often be utilized by building a storage reservoir large enough to impound the water required for the few hours of the day when the plant will be in operation, say during the lighting hours of the evening. (30) Submit a Map of a suitable scale of the entire water-shed, topographical if possible. This map should have marked on it the low-water quantities of stream flows, possible dam sites, power-house sites and flumes, etc., all numbered so that reference may be made to them in the report. (31) Obtain Drainage Areas of the various watersheds considered, marking same on map. (32) Obtain, for as long a period back as possible, records of the weekly or monthly Rainfall of the district. If the watershed is extensive and records are only available for a portion of it, obtain local information concerning relative inten、 sity of rainfall in other parts of the district. (33) Submit information concerning the Geology of the district, with special reference to the capacity of the soil to absorb rainfall; and the existence of strata, faults, caves, etc., that produce and extend the flow of springs. (34) Obtain information concerning the extent and frequency of Droughts and Freshets, especially with reference to the longest period of the low water conditions. Effect of Snow on these conditions. (35) Character of the Vegetable Growth covering the area, both timber and underbrush, as affecting the quickness of run-off. Submit typical photographs. Possibility of future timber cutting or fires. (36) Describe the Evaporation condition of the district, both as it will effect the run-off and the loss from dams. (37) Make Stream Gaugings of the main branch, and of tributaries if necessary, following the directions given on p. 25; a single gauging is worthless or worse. For methods see pp. 25-29. (38) For each dam site proposed, submit a topographical Map which will show, also, the submerged area to such a scale as will enable reliable calculations of capacity to be made. Note.-Dams are built (1) to obtain head, such as those across a slow-moving river of which only a portion of the water is utilized, and (2) to ensure storage of water to last over dry spells. (39) Sink Test Pits and make borings at frequent intervals over the site of the dam, and make suitable record of results; see p. 2. (40) Examine the Site of the Reservoir with a view to its probable capacity to retain water under the new head. Report on character and amount of Drift that may be expected. material, logs, leaves, ice, etc., (41) Report on the amount of Silt that may be encountered, both at average flow and flood, with reference to the filling up of the reservoir. (42) Must Fish Ladders be installed? Submit government regulations on conditions to be met. (43) Power House.-Locate possible sites on map; examine foundation material. (44) Head.-Run a line of levels along the stream at all points where a dam and its power house is proposed, so that accurate calculations may be made as to the head available for different locations. (45) Auxiliary Power.-This may be used at periods of low water or at periods of customer's peak, and may be obtained from steam, water or gas. Report on probable most satisfactory power available, considering cost of fuel, labor, etc. (46) Materials.-Report on material available locally for dam, flume, and powerhouse construction; stone, sand, brick, timber, cement, etc. (47) Transportation.-Report on present means of transportation and probable roads, etc., to be built. (48) Report on Ownership of all properties and clearness of title to same, and on Water Rights; consult a lawyer if in doubt. III. Transmission Lines (49) Submit a topographical Map of the district through which the line will be run, and indicate on it the areas of forest, scrub, rock, cultivation, marsh, etc. (50) State what terms can be obtained for a Right of Way, assuming a width of from 50 to 100 ft. with right to remove adjacent threatening timber. (51) Will the line be subject to forest Fires? (52) State any preference or consideration affecting the kind of Pole to be used, wood, steel or concrete. If the former is to be used, is it possible to obtain poles locally? State sizes that can be procured and cost of same. (55) Transportation.-Capacity of lighters and of derricks on wharf at point of debarkation. Capacity of railroad from port to site of works, clearance diagram, heaviest pieces that can be handled. If material will be transported over bad roads or by mule-back, describe limitations. (56) If quotation is to be for material delivered on site, submit information concerning Customs Duties, lighterage, port charges, etc. (57) Report on Labor that can be obtained locally; supply and capacity of artificers, laborers and operators; submit table of wages and efficiencies as compared with similar workmen in the U. S. (58) Meterological. State general climatic conditions of the locality; frequency and severity of snow and wind storms and of lightning; consider in special reference to effects on high-tension transmission lines, lightning arresters, etc.; presence of dust or smoke that would produce similar deleterious effects. RAILROAD PROMOTION; SCHEDULE OF INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED TO The schedule given below outlines a large amount of detail work, more than is necessary for preliminary estimates and financial considerations. The completeness of information to be submitted will de 1 Adapted from Ewing Matheson's "Aid Book to Engineering Enterprise," E. & F. Spon, London. |