pend on so many and varied conditions, that it is impractical to indicate how much may be omitted. In general, however, it may be stated that the more complete the information submitted, the greater will be the consideration afforded and the closer the price.

(1) Supply a general Map of the country, showing existing railways, roads, canals, rivers, mountain ranges, etc., and showing the route proposed for the new line. (2) State the supposed Utility of the new railway, and the reasons generally that have been suggested for its construction.

(3) The Concession or Legal Powers under which the line is to be built; state the general nature of the concession obtained or desired.

(4) Submit a Plan of the line itself, on a larger scale than the general map, showing the topography, the rivers and roads to be crossed, the towns and villages to be passed, and the limits of deviation which the concession allows.

(5) Indicate on map and submit verified data as to the Population of the various places on and adjacent to the railway, and the kind of trade or occupation in which the inhabitants are engaged. Also indicate location and kind of mills and factories.

(6) Estimated Traffic.-State nature and amount anticipated and calculations of revenue based thereon. Also describe existing methods of transportation, amount and charges. Submit contract or agreements made with shippers for guaranteed business dependent upon completion of railways by a specified date, etc.

(7) Gauge. State whether standard or a narrow gauge is proposed. Some items influencing the choice are: cost of works and rolling-stock, nature of traffic, curvature necessitated or allowed, probable future traffic, and (most influential of all) the gauge of neighboring railways with which connection is proposed or is possible in the future.

(8) State maximum Grade and Curvature proposed, and whether the former is to be compensated for curvature.

(9) Class of Construction proposed for track, bridges, buildings, locomotives and rolling-stock.

Track. Weight of rail; style of fastenings; cross-ties; ballast; switches; signals; etc. (See also p. 188.)

Bridges. Loading proposed; material; substructure; overhead bridges, etc. (See also p. 30.)

Buildings.

Class of construction for terminal and way stations; description of any extensive buildings proposed; round-houses; repair shops; etc. Locomotives.-Give number and classes of locomotives estimated as (See also p. 167.)

required.

Rolling Stock.-State proposed number and class of passenger coaches; and of freight cars. (See p. 169.)

(10) Submit a Topographical Plan and a Profile of the line on a convenient scale, showing proposed gradients, cuts, fills, tunnels, bridges, etc. Also indicate, on the same sheet, any alternate routes possible.

Note. The degree of completeness with which such a plan is made should be governed by the probability of completion and the finances available. (11) Nature of Soil. The class of earth or rock at each cut or tunnel should be indicated, as accurately as obtainable, on the profile. The geological indications, both periodic and economic, should be observed and noted as closely as possible. At proposed tunnels, note the possibility of intermediate shafts being sunk, and the probability of water being encountered, as influenced by

the strata above or below: effect of the above on the time necessary for completion.

(12) In the case of Large or Important Bridges special information should be afforded for estimating approximately the cost. (See p. 30.)

(13) Local Materials of Construction.-Describe as completely as necessary, giving the character, suitability, estimated amount, location, accessibility and cost; the occurrence of the timber, brick, clay, stone, sand, ballast, lime, etc., to be obtained in the neighborhood of the railroad.

(14) Fuel and Water.-State whether wood, coal, or oil is proposed for use as fuel, giving availability and costs. Inquire particularly as to the water available for locomotives along the proposed location, submitting analyses in the case of bad waters requiring special treatment before use.

(15) Imposts and Transportation.-State what import duties, landing charges, taxes, etc., have to be paid, so that estimates may be made. Also describe facilities for landing or handling material at port, and for transporting to the working line. Give the character of the roads, beasts of burden, etc., available for the whole line, so that allowance may be made for hauling material ahead.

(16) Climate, etc.-State the effect of climate on the health, hours of labor, etc., of both imported workmen and natives. Also describe meterological conditions; rainfall, snowfall, averages and extremes of temperature, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, etc., that may affect the construction or operation of the line. State whether insects or wild beasts are liable to destroy material or interfere with construction or traffic.

(17) Workmen.-Availability of native population for skilled and unskilled positions, both in construction and operation; possibility of importing laborers; possibility of having portions of the work done by local sub-contractors. Schedule of wages paid and percentage of efficiency (in each case) as compared to foreign workmen. Facilities for housing and boarding imported workmen. (18) Right of Way.-Conditions under which the land for track and buildings is to be acquired; probable prices to be paid; time required to obtain possession; cost and time of condemnation proceedings; attitude of landowners. (19) Conditions imposed by the authorities as to kind of works, width of gauge, gradients, engines, etc., etc., i.e., Regulations of the Public Works Dept. or equivalent.

(20) Interchange of Traffic with adjoining railways. Terms should be very carefully arranged beforehand, etc., so as to avoid possible onerous conditions after project is started. This applied also to transportation of construction material while building.

(21) Terms of Payment to Contractors.-The proposed methods of payment, whether in money, part money and part scrip, retention of percentage, etc., should be stated.

WATER-WORKS; INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED FOR OBTAINING DESIGN AND ESTIMATE1

(1) A Map of the town and adjoining country, showing the position of the wells, springs, rivers, or lakes, from which water may be obtained. If possible this map should show the topography of the area; but if such a map is not obtainable, the heights of prominent elevations, natural basins, and other sites suitable for reservoirs or filter beds may be indicated by figures giving their ele vations with reference to some fixed datum in the town.

1 Adapted from Ewing Matheson's "Aid Book to Engineering Enterprise," E. & F. Spon, London.

(2) Geology. Both the superficial and the regional geology of the district should be examined and indicated as accurately as possible. At places where works are proposed, test holes or borings should be made (see p. 2), and the results recorded.

(3) Sources of Supply.-Gauge existing streams or indicate their catchment area. Obtain data as to quantity of flood-waters, duration of flow, and effect of floods on quality of water.

Describe the dry seasons, if any, which produce a scarcity of water; so that, if necessary, the scheme may include provision for water storage.

Describe existing wells, the quantity of water than can be obtained from them, their water-levels, and liability to contamination from surface drainage or from mining operations, etc.

(4) Samples. Obtain samples for analysis of the different waters proposed in the manner described on p.306. Label clearly and record.

(5) Water Rights. Submit information as to the right to take water from sources proposed, whether arrangements can be made with riparian owners below, or whether legislation may be necessary. If mills, etc., are situated downstream, data should be submitted as to the amount of power taken by them. (6) Present Supply. Give a description of the existing water supply, its quantity, quality and cost to the inhabitants.

(7) Power. Describe power available for pumps, whether hydraulic, electric, oil, steam, etc., giving costs of each.

(8) Submit a Plan of the town showing streets, proposed location of main and branch pipe lines, location of large water users, etc. The plan should be topographical, or should have elevations indicated in some other convenient way. (9) Imposts and Transportation.-Give the information outlined by Sec. (11), p. 49.

(10) Workmen.-Follow Sec. (12), p. 49.

(11) Local Materials of Construction.-Give information as to the kind of gravel or sand obtainable as suited for filter beds; of sand and rock for mortar, cement, or concrete; clay for puddling; lime, cement, bricks, stone, timber, etc., for building purposes; and iron pipes and fittings.

(12) Climate.-Describe the climate as per outline on p. 43, Sec. (16); and also give the rainfall for each month for as long a series of years as possible, and how it has been ascertained; the evaporation, and how it has been ascertained; the degrees and continuation of frost, and the depth to which it enters the ground; the thickness of ice on the rivers, and how often it occurs; the temperature, maximum and minimum, of the water to be used.

(13) If Pumping Stations are proposed describe the Foundation Material, and state whether condensing water is obtainable.

(14) Pipe-line Excavation.-Describe the soil and subsoil in which trenches will have to be cut. Existing sewers, gas-pipes, etc., should be located on the plan. (15) Land.-Follow Sec. (13), p. 48.

(16) Give the Population of the town and district to be served with water, the rate of increase during preceding years, and the probability for the future.

(17) State the number of Houses and tenements, the rentals per annum, divided into classes, advancing by steps of about $50. State the average height of the houses and the maximum height.

(18) Give information as to the Occupations and wealth of the inhabitants as an aid to estimating the amount of water they will use and their ability to pay for it. For example, state whether baths are usual in the houses, whether linen is washed at home, whether houses and streets are drained and whether any complete system of drainage is established in the town, or is in contemplation.

(19) Submit as much information as possible as to any previous systems of water supply that may have been prepared.

DRAINAGE And SeweragE DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR a Town

The following enumerations outline the data that should be collected by an engineer on the ground, for use in obtaining a report and estimate on a proposed system of sewerage and disposal works for a small town. The data may be obtained by a local engineer (not necessarily an expert on sanitary work) for the use of a specialist, or by a representative from the consulting engineer's office.

(1) A map of the district, on a scale of (say) 6 in. to the mile, with contour lines, of sufficient extent to embrace the whole area to be drained and any possible location of disposal works, and to indicate the natural drainage of the district. (2) A map to a larger scale (up to 5 ft. to the mile) of the immediate area to be drained. If a contour map cannot be obtained elevations at different parts of the town should be given, together with sections at suitable places so as to show the general contour.

(3) Photographs of typical parts of the community; these are useful in supplying a more intimate idea of the local conditions.

(4) A general physiographical description of the district, stating whether it is rugged or flat, height above sea-level, etc.

(5) A description of the geological features; stating the formation, dip of the strata (submit approximate sections if possible) and whether there are any faults; whether any mines or salt measures have been, or are being worked, and their tendency to cause settlements.

(6) Ascertain and submit data as to the rainfall. This should include the fall by months for (say) 10 years back, or the yearly fall for 20 years or more; and records of the heaviest falls per hour and day, and the frequency of their

Occurrence.

(7) Give the present population of the district and of the various portions of the district, making a special note of any institutions with a proportionately large population such as asylums, prisons, colleges, etc. Indicate boundaries and locations clearly on the map.

(8) Indicate on the map the probable increase in built-up area, and state the rate of growth and character of population that may be expected.

(9) Describe the water supply, its source, distribution, whether all houses are supplied, consumption per day per capita, quantity used by the large institutions above referred to.

(10) A description of existing methods of house drainage with sketches of typical sewage arrangements. Also furnish a description of any trade refuse that may have to be disposed of.

(11) A description of existing sewers, their construction, fall and utility. Also, whether these sewers receive surface waters and their utility for this service; whether the town is paved, and how much of it; other road surfaces. (12) If the sea is available for disposal, indicate on map points suitable for discharge of sewers, describing nature of the shore and existence of mud banks, etc., likely to obstruct the flow. Indicate the levels of the average tides and of extraordinary tides. Ascertain (by means of floats) the direction in which sewage will be carried under different conditions of currents and winds.

(13) If a river is available for disposal, submit data as to quantity of flow at high, low and extraordinary levels (see p. 25); velocity of current at the town and for some miles below; and state whether, and at what places, water is taken for drinking purposes. Describe the material of the banks and submit crosssections to show slopes.

(14) If sewage disposal on land is contemplated, ascertain the drainage capabilities of the soil; whether the land is waste or cultivated; crops that can be raised; their probable value; markets; increase in value of the land; dwellings in the vicinity; probable opposition to works.

(15) Meterological.-In addition to the information in (6), state the general character of the climate, giving extremes of temperature, etc.

(16) Regulations. Submit information as to state or municipal regulations to be complied with; procedure for obtaining franchise, etc.; whether bylaws will be granted to enforce proposed sanitary methods, and whether the enforcement of these laws can be relied on; origin of the proposed improvement.

(17) Give the probable values at which land required for pumping plants, filter beds, etc., may be acquired and the tenure under which same is held. (18) Submit data as to the labor and building material available; cost of coal or other fuel (if pumping-stations, etc., are probable); transportation facilities. (19) Financial.-Outline the scheme by which it is proposed to pay for the instal

lation.

REFERENCES

Matheson's "Aid Book."

Noel Taylor's "Main Drainage of Towns."

IRRIGATION WORKS: INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED FOR OBTAINING DESIGN AND ESTIMATE1

"The information that serves as the basis for an irrigation project. is of two kinds, the one comprising the local condition from an engineering and an agricultural point of view; the other being of a financial and economic nature. Details of the concessions or privileges that will be granted, of the sources from which the works will be paid for, and other information as to the nature of the engagements contemplated, are indispensable portions of works of irrigation.

"The following list enumerates those particulars to which, some or all of them, according to the nature of the case-an irrigation engineer on the spot would direct his attention. In countries where there do not happen to be any competent resident engineers, the best method is to collect so much of the information enumerated below as is within the means at command, and to place it before a competent engineer in England, who can advise on the prima facie conditions of the case. Some of the particulars enumerated demand the services of a surveyor or engineer accustomed to measuring land and taking levels; others demand geological and meteorological knowledge; while some of the par

1 Taken in toto from Ewing Matheson's "Aid Book to Engineering Enterprise," E. & F. Spon, London.